Why can't science and God co-exist?

Cpt_pineapple
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Why can't science and God co-exist?

Rev_Devilin
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e303 wrote:   The fish

e303 wrote:

 

The fish exhibit normal mutualistic behavior and the staff writers would agree. Once again... Parasitic relationships gradually evolve into commensalistic relationships, which gradually evolve into mutualistic relationships.

The above explains how nature makes these relationships at times. There is nothing ethical to reward vs risk learning. It is simply natural. A free lunch is a free lunch.

REINFORCED BEHAVIOR

NOTE: The article does not go into the any details about how the little cleaners taste compaired to the clients prefered food source or what triggers the cleaners to activate the behavoir. In many cases it is AFTER the big fish has had its fill.

If that is not enough, the article even states this is a LEARNED (mimic) behavior.

"A new study, detailed in the June 22 issue of Nature, reveals that "client" fish choose their cleaners by watching them go to work on other fish."

MIMIC BEHAVIOR

And I was waiting for killer line that would debunk evolutionary ethics. instead you just proved it thanks Smiling

Would you care to debunk non belief ? you seem quite good at this Smiling


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Rev_Devilin wrote: e303

Rev_Devilin wrote:

e303 wrote:

 

The fish exhibit normal mutualistic behavior and the staff writers would agree. Once again... Parasitic relationships gradually evolve into commensalistic relationships, which gradually evolve into mutualistic relationships.

The above explains how nature makes these relationships at times. There is nothing ethical to reward vs risk learning. It is simply natural. A free lunch is a free lunch.

REINFORCED BEHAVIOR

 

NOTE: The article does not go into the any details about how the little cleaners taste compaired to the clients prefered food source or what triggers the cleaners to activate the behavoir. In many cases it is AFTER the big fish has had its fill.

If that is not enough, the article even states this is a LEARNED (mimic) behavior.

"A new study, detailed in the June 22 issue of Nature, reveals that "client" fish choose their cleaners by watching them go to work on other fish."

MIMIC BEHAVIOR

And I was waiting for killer line that would debunk evolutionary ethics. instead you just proved it thanks Smiling

Would you care to debunk non belief ? you seem quite good at this Smiling

RIIIGHT.....lol

IT is NOT ethics .  I proved only these animals can and do learn and behave without a sense of justice or ethics.  How did you miss this?

Non-belief: to have it is not to claim it.

To claim it, is to assert a concept and affirm a position and thus a belief.

Revove the irrational zen and be a strong agnostic instead.

 

"I felt in my bones that this universe does not explain itself." ~ C. S. Lewis


Rev_Devilin
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e303 wrote:   IT is NOT

e303 wrote:

 

IT is NOT ethics . I proved only these animals can and do learn and behave without a sense of justice or ethics. How did you miss this?

 

Hang on now you are trying to disprove what you just proved ? you're making me dizzy

You carefully pointed out Parasitic relationships gradually evolve into commensalistic relationships, which gradually evolve into mutualistic relationships ? what would be the next evolutionary step Smiling


Urbanredd
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Rev_Devilin wrote: e303

Rev_Devilin wrote:

e303 wrote:

 

IT is NOT ethics . I proved only these animals can and do learn and behave without a sense of justice or ethics. How did you miss this?

Hang on now you are trying to disprove what you just proved ? you're making me dizzy

You carefully pointed out Parasitic relationships gradually evolve into commensalistic relationships, which gradually evolve into mutualistic relationships ? what would be the next evolutionary step Smiling

 

To further back you up, Rev. From deludedgod (emphasis added):

Quote:
The mind, I am sorry to say, is clearly grounded in the brain. Using neuroangiograms, neuroscientists can point to different areas of the brain and say “this is where higher thought occurs” “this is where language is processed” “this is where memory is stored” “this is where such and such emotion is triggered”. We now how have the chemical makeup of a large number of the hormones that are responsible for various emotions. We can even watch memories form (synaptogenesis), we can watch information processing which is the fundamental of sentience . The notion that the mind is “spiritual” has been debunked for a while now. In Descartes Metaphysics, the mind is indivisible and indeterminate, which means it has no composition, nor can it be changed (obviously. How can it be changed without composition?). However, experiments in cutting the corpus callosum, as well as certain experiments in neuroplasticity that would certainly not be ethically allowed today (revealing the plasticity of neural interfaces) indicate the opposite. The mind is quite fragmented. Different aspects are handled by different parts of the brain. Even animals, which according to this metaphysics, do not have this mysterious “soul” that is present only in the Homo Sapeins have mental states and emotions and feelings, albeit not as sophisticated as our own. The ones which are closer to us like chimps actually can do better than us on memory tests, and form social groups, displaying qualities like altruism and conditioning. In fact, apart from more brainpower, the only thing that really separates us from chimpanzees is language, and neurologists have thoroughly overanalyzed the material/physical brain grounding of language. It is the most well-studied brain function, such that it has its own field: neurolinguistics.

 

Seems that we already know that other animals display a sense of ethics... altruistic tendencies are considered ethical. I'd like to do more research on this myself as it makes for interesting discussions.

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Urbanredd

Urbanredd wrote:
Rev_Devilin wrote:

e303 wrote:

IT is NOT ethics . I proved only these animals can and do learn and behave without a sense of justice or ethics. How did you miss this?

Hang on now you are trying to disprove what you just proved ? you're making me dizzy

You carefully pointed out Parasitic relationships gradually evolve into commensalistic relationships, which gradually evolve into mutualistic relationships ? what would be the next evolutionary step Smiling

To further back you up, Rev. From deludedgod (emphasis added):

Quote:
The mind, I am sorry to say, is clearly grounded in the brain. Using neuroangiograms, neuroscientists can point to different areas of the brain and say “this is where higher thought occurs” “this is where language is processed” “this is where memory is stored” “this is where such and such emotion is triggered”. We now how have the chemical makeup of a large number of the hormones that are responsible for various emotions. We can even watch memories form (synaptogenesis), we can watch information processing which is the fundamental of sentience . The notion that the mind is “spiritual” has been debunked for a while now. In Descartes Metaphysics, the mind is indivisible and indeterminate, which means it has no composition, nor can it be changed (obviously. How can it be changed without composition?). However, experiments in cutting the corpus callosum, as well as certain experiments in neuroplasticity that would certainly not be ethically allowed today (revealing the plasticity of neural interfaces) indicate the opposite. The mind is quite fragmented. Different aspects are handled by different parts of the brain. Even animals, which according to this metaphysics, do not have this mysterious “soul” that is present only in the Homo Sapeins have mental states and emotions and feelings, albeit not as sophisticated as our own. The ones which are closer to us like chimps actually can do better than us on memory tests, and form social groups, displaying qualities like altruism and conditioning. In fact, apart from more brainpower, the only thing that really separates us from chimpanzees is language, and neurologists have thoroughly overanalyzed the material/physical brain grounding of language. It is the most well-studied brain function, such that it has its own field: neurolinguistics.

For now it seems the rudimentary forms of what seems to be ethics and altruism can be explained as learned behaviors for group benefit separate from ABSTRACT THOUGHT.  Abstract thought that leads to conclusion and action seems to be the clearest separation of these behaviors vs. human emotional reactions along with the mix of individual empathy and apathy. 

 

Keep in mind this does not mean rudimentary behavior studies don’t have human applications.  Indeed, the path of learned behavior and learning are deeply seated together.  I guess this is what makes it so confusing. 

 

Example I prick the finger of an ape and its hand moves away.

I prick a finger of a child and its hand moves away.

 

I take a toy from a baby chimp and it seems upset.

I take a toy from a baby human and it seems upset.

 

It might surprise the Rev. that I am actually pro-evolution and contend that on the pure logical design of likes being found near other likes in nature makes sense.  From molecule to high function motor skills these breadcrumbs of discovery are on a pure probability scale, necessary.

 

I agree these things are interesting and I think most entertaining part of this animal ethics discussion is the basic to advance similarity correlation argument without much regard to the things that separate us completely from the animal world.  Obviously there is a motivation behind this direction of discussion, where one side thinks any correlation of similar behaviors between humans and animal points to a concrete conclusion without regard to the process that created those apparently similar behaviors.  When we get to language communication, abstract thought, self-propagated emotional triggers created from imagery, empathy and apathy by proxy created by abstract thought, (I learned about an upsetting event and was motivated….) we will separate the wheat from the chaff so to speak.  

"I felt in my bones that this universe does not explain itself." ~ C. S. Lewis


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Rev_Devilin wrote: e303

Rev_Devilin wrote:

e303 wrote:

 

IT is NOT ethics . I proved only these animals can and do learn and behave without a sense of justice or ethics. How did you miss this?

 

Hang on now you are trying to disprove what you just proved ? you're making me dizzy

You carefully pointed out Parasitic relationships gradually evolve into commensalistic relationships, which gradually evolve into mutualistic relationships ? what would be the next evolutionary step Smiling

We expect to see eventual recidivism and degeneration of the relationship once mutulistic equlibriam is unbalanced. 

The animals themselves are unable to correct this on collectively or consciously as a species.  We humans however are able to though we don't always do it (for humanistic reasons) or in what some would say was a timely manner.

"I felt in my bones that this universe does not explain itself." ~ C. S. Lewis


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Ugh, someone should write a book. . .

. . .on the misuses of the uncertainty principle.

dontknow wrote:

To me, science indicates the existence of a god more than it does not. It seems as physics progresses, we learn there is more and more we cannot know.

The uncertainty principle of quantum mecahnics means on the very small scale ( the essence of things) and the very large (the universe as a whole) we cannot have any definite answers. The limit set by the speed of light suggests that we will never touch most of the universe. Rational thought leads me to believe that, by design, the universe is such that mankind is not destined to understand it.

The uncertainty principle does not mean that we cannot have definite answers. What it does mean is that some events are purely random or non-causal (depending on interpretation). The limit set by the speed of light does not maen that we will never touch most of the universe, only that you or I probably won't within our lifetimes. There is no plan in this, it's just that cards we drew and were forced to play out.

Quote:

But the most compelling scientific evidence lies in the fact that the odds against a universe that can maintain life, such as ours, are virtually infinite. This situation in itself should lend an argument to the theists, though few seem to have picked up on it.

The odds a universe that can maintain life as we know it are astronomical. Similar odds exist for anything that happens. The odds of drawing a royal flush are very slim, but if you did then the odds of you having drawn a royal flush are infinitely in favor of it. You can't calculate the odds after something as massive as the universe has already happened.

Quote:

Science's answer to this is that there must be an infinite number of universes, and we live in just one. Following this logic, is it not possible, or probable or perhaps necessary, that there be one in which a god exists? May it not be this one?

No, because other universes obey the same axiomatic laws ours do. 2+2 still equals 4 in another universe. The basis of the idea is not an answer to the chances of our universe existing as it. It was coined as an answer to the causality of non-causal (from our perspective) events. Any event that is completely random actually takes place in all possible ways across the multiple universes, with each universe interfering with the others. This is useful in that we can use those parallel universes to do computations by knowing how they interfere. Read The Fabric of Reality: The Science of Parallel Universes-And Its Implications.

 

Quote:

To my atheist friends (and I mean this with no sarcasm) does this not mean that atheism is a faith? If faith is a belief without scientific evidence. where is the evidence that god does not exist?

Nothing else exists by its lack of evidence. Even the multiverse interpretation of quantum phenomena is just a method of thinking about it, without which it would be very difficult to explain let alone try to use practically. It seems likely based on the phenomena we observe in physics labs, but there isn't solid evidence for it.

Quote:

I believe that we are left with nothing more than what we choose to believe. No rational argument can be used to prove or disprove the existence of god. I cannot argue that anyone's belief is wrong as noone knows, nor will ever know, what the truth is. Whatever they believe, they might be right. Be it a world of god or science, the possibilities exist for all to be true.

Maybe you should be more practical in your reasoning. Maybe nothing exists. However, acting as though nothing exists doesn't help anyone and is therefore one of the least moral things you can do. 

Quote:

I have had a few personal experiences in my life when in despair and heart-ache I have turned to god for help and been helped. These are personal experiences and are not a form of argument, but to my logical mind the results were improbable at best. I believe a survey of those with belief would result in statistics that find me amongst the majority. Could I be deluding myself? Of course! But that is not what I choose to believe.

On the whole your experiences are just as likely as anyone else's. I can say that with confidence knowing how statistics and probability really work. Just because something is improbable doesn't mean it won't happen, and there are a lot of human factors thrown in that change the odds. 

It's fine if you want to believe in such things but it's still a lazy delusion preventing you from realising your full potential as a thinking being. 

Quote:

So, is the universe ruled by science or god? Science to me is the more improbable.

Science doesn't rule the universe, the universe rules science. Probability doesn't even enter into it. Science is based on the way the universe really works. So if you don't like it, too bad. It's reality, and the space for God is shrinking.


inspectormustard
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e303 wrote:

e303 wrote:

IT is NOT ethics . I proved only these animals can and do learn and behave without a sense of justice or ethics. How did you miss this?

Non-belief: to have it is not to claim it.

To claim it, is to assert a concept and affirm a position and thus a belief.

Revove the irrational zen and be a strong agnostic instead.

learn:

1.to acquire knowledge of or skill in by study, instruction, or experience.
2.to become informed of or acquainted with; ascertain..
3.to memorize..
4.to gain (a habit, mannerism, etc.) by experience, exposure to example, or the like; acquire.
5.(of a device or machine, esp. a computer) to perform an analogue of human learning with artificial intelligence.
6.(Nonstandard) to instruct in; teach.
7.to acquire knowledge or skill: to learn rapidly.
8.to become informed (usually fol. by of): to learn of an accident.

 

Mimic:

as a verb

1.to imitate or copy in action, speech, etc., often playfully or derisively.
2.to imitate in a servile or unthinking way; ape.
3.to be an imitation of; simulate; resemble closely.

as an adjective

  
1.imitating or copying something, often on a smaller scale: a mimic battle.
2.apt at or given to imitating; imitative; simulative.

 

Do you see the difference? Learning is not mimicry, though it may begin with mimicry. Human ethics are no different from animal ethics in that

1. They are mimiced.

2. Then they are learned.

However, it is our simulatory prefrontal cortex which allows us to predict what would be or not be ethical. Animals can't make predictions like we do. Damage to the forebrain creates this state. Ethics do not come from God, they are learned and then reproduced as a prediction.

 


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e303 wrote: For now it

e303 wrote:

For now it seems the rudimentary forms of what seems to be ethics and altruism can be explained as learned behaviors for group benefit separate from ABSTRACT THOUGHT. Abstract thought that leads to conclusion and action seems to be the clearest separation of these behaviors vs. human emotional reactions along with the mix of individual empathy and apathy.

Keep in mind this does not mean rudimentary behavior studies don’t have human applications. Indeed, the path of learned behavior and learning are deeply seated together. I guess this is what makes it so confusing.

Example I prick the finger of an ape and its hand moves away.

I prick a finger of a child and its hand moves away.

I take a toy from a baby chimp and it seems upset.

I take a toy from a baby human and it seems upset.

It might surprise the Rev. that I am actually pro-evolution and contend that on the pure logical design of likes being found near other likes in nature makes sense. From molecule to high function motor skills these breadcrumbs of discovery are on a pure probability scale, necessary.

I agree these things are interesting and I think most entertaining part of this animal ethics discussion is the basic to advance similarity correlation argument without much regard to the things that separate us completely from the animal world. Obviously there is a motivation behind this direction of discussion, where one side thinks any correlation of similar behaviors between humans and animal points to a concrete conclusion without regard to the process that created those apparently similar behaviors. When we get to language communication, abstract thought, self-propagated emotional triggers created from imagery, empathy and apathy by proxy created by abstract thought, (I learned about an upsetting event and was motivated….) we will separate the wheat from the chaff so to speak.

Well, you're assuming that any such study into ethics in animals is rudimentary. That it does nothing else than test a simplistic hypothesis and is considered done. At the same time, you're offering up an hypothesis of your own without much to support it. You're presenting nothing more than intellectual meanderings on the subject. Can you give us anything more concrete? Without evidence you seem to be painting yourself into a corner.

 

I'm definitely going to look more into this animal ethics issue, especially as it relates to primates. Deludedgod piqued my interest in the subject with his postings. Personall, I won't be assuming the sophistication of the studies one way or another until I've read and understood them.


Cheers

 

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Canada: 16% Atheist and growing.


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inspectormustard

inspectormustard wrote:
e303 wrote:

IT is NOT ethics . I proved only these animals can and do learn and behave without a sense of justice or ethics. How did you miss this?

Non-belief: to have it is not to claim it.

To claim it, is to assert a concept and affirm a position and thus a belief.

Revove the irrational zen and be a strong agnostic instead.

learn:

1.to acquire knowledge of or skill in by study, instruction, or experience.
2.to become informed of or acquainted with; ascertain..
3.to memorize..
4.to gain (a habit, mannerism, etc.) by experience, exposure to example, or the like; acquire.
5.(of a device or machine, esp. a computer) to perform an analogue of human learning with artificial intelligence.
6.(Nonstandard) to instruct in; teach.
7.to acquire knowledge or skill: to learn rapidly.
8.to become informed (usually fol. by of): to learn of an accident.

 

Mimic:

as a verb

1.to imitate or copy in action, speech, etc., often playfully or derisively.
2.to imitate in a servile or unthinking way; ape.
3.to be an imitation of; simulate; resemble closely.

as an adjective

  
1.imitating or copying something, often on a smaller scale: a mimic battle.
2.apt at or given to imitating; imitative; simulative.

 

Do you see the difference? Learning is not mimicry, though it may begin with mimicry. Human ethics are no different from animal ethics in that

1. They are mimiced.

2. Then they are learned.

However, it is our simulatory prefrontal cortex which allows us to predict what would be or not be ethical. Animals can't make predictions like we do. Damage to the forebrain creates this state. Ethics do not come from God, they are learned and then reproduced as a prediction.

 

This more in favor of my point then against. The most basic forms of behavior are learned behavior and but not truly ethical unless you want to call it ethical behavior just for fun. True ethics as humans apply it requires abstract thought and consideration before action and prediction. Animals are not great predictors as you have stated, and cannot make a moralistic choice of self sacrifice based on its own abstract thoughts.

 

"I felt in my bones that this universe does not explain itself." ~ C. S. Lewis


e303
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Urbanredd wrote:e303

Urbanredd wrote:
e303 wrote:

For now it seems the rudimentary forms of what seems to be ethics and altruism can be explained as learned behaviors for group benefit separate from ABSTRACT THOUGHT. Abstract thought that leads to conclusion and action seems to be the clearest separation of these behaviors vs. human emotional reactions along with the mix of individual empathy and apathy.

Keep in mind this does not mean rudimentary behavior studies don’t have human applications. Indeed, the path of learned behavior and learning are deeply seated together. I guess this is what makes it so confusing.

Example I prick the finger of an ape and its hand moves away.

I prick a finger of a child and its hand moves away.

I take a toy from a baby chimp and it seems upset.

I take a toy from a baby human and it seems upset.

It might surprise the Rev. that I am actually pro-evolution and contend that on the pure logical design of likes being found near other likes in nature makes sense. From molecule to high function motor skills these breadcrumbs of discovery are on a pure probability scale, necessary.

I agree these things are interesting and I think most entertaining part of this animal ethics discussion is the basic to advance similarity correlation argument without much regard to the things that separate us completely from the animal world. Obviously there is a motivation behind this direction of discussion, where one side thinks any correlation of similar behaviors between humans and animal points to a concrete conclusion without regard to the process that created those apparently similar behaviors. When we get to language communication, abstract thought, self-propagated emotional triggers created from imagery, empathy and apathy by proxy created by abstract thought, (I learned about an upsetting event and was motivated….) we will separate the wheat from the chaff so to speak.

Well, you're assuming that any such study into ethics in animals is rudimentary. That it does nothing else than test a simplistic hypothesis and is considered done. At the same time, you're offering up an hypothesis of your own without much to support it. You're presenting nothing more than intellectual meanderings on the subject. Can you give us anything more concrete? Without evidence you seem to be painting yourself into a corner.

I'm definitely going to look more into this animal ethics issue, especially as it relates to primates. Deludedgod piqued my interest in the subject with his postings. Personall, I won't be assuming the sophistication of the studies one way or another until I've read and understood them.


Cheers

As you venture forth into your studies you may want to keep in mind that from a behavioral perspective it only makes sense that animals do share many behavior qualities with humans. The things that stick in my mind are not these similarities but the differences that separate us as well as the mental processes and paths that cause the emotions, predictions and decision making.

"I felt in my bones that this universe does not explain itself." ~ C. S. Lewis


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e303 wrote:

Ladakh. It is known for its distraction display, which it uses to distract a predator such as a fox or human who approaches its nest. To protect its eggs or chicks the Plover pretends to be injured and holding a wing as if it were broken, attracts the attention of the threatening predator and leads it away, only to fly away at the last moment, after its sure its chicks are safe.

 http://www.kashmirhub.com/wildlife-of-kashmir/birds-of-ladakh.html


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Rev_Devilin wrote: Ladakh.

Rev_Devilin wrote:

Ladakh. It is known for its distraction display, which it uses to distract a predator such as a fox or human who approaches its nest. To protect its eggs or chicks the Plover pretends to be injured and holding a wing as if it were broken, attracts the attention of the threatening predator and leads it away, only to fly away at the last moment, after its sure its chicks are safe.

 http://www.kashmirhub.com/wildlife-of-kashmir/birds-of-ladakh.html

Cause and effect of natural selection of innate maternal behavior.

"I felt in my bones that this universe does not explain itself." ~ C. S. Lewis


e303
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Rev_Devilin wrote: Ladakh.

Rev_Devilin wrote:

Ladakh. It is known for its distraction display, which it uses to distract a predator such as a fox or human who approaches its nest. To protect its eggs or chicks the Plover pretends to be injured and holding a wing as if it were broken, attracts the attention of the threatening predator and leads it away, only to fly away at the last moment, after its sure its chicks are safe.

 http://www.kashmirhub.com/wildlife-of-kashmir/birds-of-ladakh.html

Cause and effect of natural selection of innate maternal behavior.

"I felt in my bones that this universe does not explain itself." ~ C. S. Lewis


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e303 wrote: As you venture

e303 wrote:

As you venture forth into your studies you may want to keep in mind that from a behavioral perspective it only makes sense that animals do share many behavior qualities with humans. The things that stick in my mind are not these similarities but the differences that separate us as well as the mental processes and paths that cause the emotions, predictions and decision making.

 

From personal experience alone, I lean towards the notion that the differences are fewer than the similarities with higher order animals. Example, training a dog. While there is probably a lot out there on dog behaviour beyond Pavlov, I haven't read it, so please keep in mind my position is only from personal observation. Much like yours is. We both come in with our own personal "baggage" and particular notions of outcomes because we are not conducting experiments. As a result, our data is skewed. 

 

From this, the only reasonable thing for either of us to do is delve further into  the subject by reading the published papers of those who have done the appropriate research. As state, I'll be doing this. You've merely given me a warning as to what I should find or keep in mind. I have a feeling I'll come out of this with some good knowledge on the subject but I'll be unlikely to enter into a constructive debate with you, as I had hoped. 

 

Oh well. I'll be richer for the knowledge. 

 

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Canada: 16% Atheist and growing.


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Urbanredd wrote:e303

Urbanredd wrote:
e303 wrote:

As you venture forth into your studies you may want to keep in mind that from a behavioral perspective it only makes sense that animals do share many behavior qualities with humans. The things that stick in my mind are not these similarities but the differences that separate us as well as the mental processes and paths that cause the emotions, predictions and decision making.

From personal experience alone, I lean towards the notion that the differences are fewer than the similarities with higher order animals. Example, training a dog. While there is probably a lot out there on dog behaviour beyond Pavlov, I haven't read it, so please keep in mind my position is only from personal observation. Much like yours is. We both come in with our own personal "baggage" and particular notions of outcomes because we are not conducting experiments. As a result, our data is skewed. 

From this, the only reasonable thing for either of us to do is delve further into  the subject by reading the published papers of those who have done the appropriate research. As state, I'll be doing this. You've merely given me a warning as to what I should find or keep in mind. I have a feeling I'll come out of this with some good knowledge on the subject but I'll be unlikely to enter into a constructive debate with you, as I had hoped. 

Oh well. I'll be richer for the knowledge. 

I am not sure what you hope for me to say. I don't dispute general behavior studies or their application on animals or human. Operant conditioning works on both for example. My contention is the separation of how we dissect information and use this information vs. animals with their clearly limited scope of cognitive ability.

If not from me then perhaps another perspective.

As a philosopher of biology and cognitive science, Dr. Colin Allen studies the mental worlds of animals, exploring what cognitive capacities they may possess.

"The way ethicists have relied on science has typically not been adequate," he says. "It hasn't shown sufficient sensitivity to good scientific questions about what can be inferred from behavior and physiology and so on." - Dr. Allen - Indiana University

I simply agree and say more cognitive studies are needed. Over all much of the behavior found in nature can be explained without need or use anthropomorphic views.

Now, if we want to find what separates us from a biology stand point we at least have some new research and insight in this area.

Scientist ( Svante Paabo of the Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany & Ajit Varki of the University of California San Diego) have found five times as many changes in gene expression -- actual activity by the genes -- in the human brain than would be predicted by evolution.

The researchers at the Max-Planck-Institute took a look at messenger RNA, which is what translates the genetic recipe found in DNA into a final product -- a protein. Every cell contains a full complement of DNA, but what makes one cell become a liver cell and another function as a brain cell depends on what genes are expressed.

GRAY MATTER SHOWS GENETIC DIFFERENCES

Another interesting find was, humans differed more from one another than chimps differ from one another, they found. As experts predicted, it seems that humans mix and match their proteins, so that while there are only 30,000 genes, there are an estimated 250,000 different human proteins.

No one knows why...

"I felt in my bones that this universe does not explain itself." ~ C. S. Lewis