German Court Rules Against Holocaust-Denier Bishop

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German Court Rules Against Holocaust-Denier Bishop

http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/02/09/germany.bishop/index.html

Holocaust-denying bishop loses court battle

  • Story Highlights
  • Bishop Richard Williamson loses bid to restrict access in Germany to a TV interview
     
  • He told Swedish TV he did not believe there was a Nazi plan to wipe out Jews
     
  • He wanted Swedish TV to be banned from airing interview in Germany or on Internet
     
  • Holocaust denial is a crime in Germany if the denial is publicized in Germany
     

BERLIN, Germany (CNN) -- A German court Monday refused to intervene in the case of Bishop Richard Williamson, who is facing prosecution for denying the Holocaust -- a crime in Germany.

Williamson asked the court to order Swedish Public Television to restrict broadcast of an interview in which he doubts the existence of Nazi gas chambers and a systematic Nazi plan to annihilate European Jewry.

Williamson sought the help of the court because Holocaust denial is punishable in Germany only if it is publicized there. The court refused the request, it announced Monday.

His lawyers argued that giving an interview to a Swedish television station did not constitute denying the Holocaust in Germany -- although he was physically in the country when he made the remarks.

Williamson hit the headlines last month when he and three other ultra-conservative bishops were welcomed back into the Roman Catholic Church, more than 20 years after Pope John Paul II excommunicated them on a theological question unrelated to the Holocaust.

The state court of Nuremberg-Fuerth ruled that the bishop would have had to notify Swedish reporters of any restrictions before the interview.

According to the court, Williamson also wanted the interview removed from the network's Web site.

The court said it is clear that the Swedish network is available on satellite in many countries and that he knew they had a Web site which can be seen around the world.

A German district attorney announced February 4 that he had launched a criminal investigation against Williamson on January 23. Regensburg District Attorney Guenther Ruckdaeschel said authorities are investigating whether his remarks can be considered "inciting racial hatred."

Denying the Holocaust in Germany is punishable by up to five years in prison.

"I believe that the historical evidence is strongly against -- is hugely against -- six million Jews having been deliberately gassed in gas chambers as a deliberate policy of Adolf Hitler," Williamson said in the interview, which also appeared on various Web sites after broadcast. "I believe there were no gas chambers."

Williamson and three other bishops who belong to the Society of Saint Pius X were excommunicated in 1988. The society was founded by Archbishop Marcel Lefebrve, who rebelled against the Vatican's modernizing reforms in the 1960s, and who consecrated the men in unsanctioned ceremonies.

The rehabilitation of Williamson sparked harsh condemnation from Israel, American Jewish leaders and German Chancellor Angela Merkel, among others.

The Vatican has pointed to several statements by Pope Benedict XVI in the past few years condemning the destruction of European Jewry, including his visits to concentration camps. He has also said he did not know of Williamson's views on the Holocaust when he lifted the excommunication.

The Vatican has said Williamson will not be allowed to perform priestly functions until he recants his Holocaust denial.

He has apologized for "distress" his remarks caused the pope, but he has not retracted them.

On Sunday, Merkel phoned Pope Benedict about the issue, though neither side seemed to have shifted its position over Williamson.

In addition, Williamson was removed over the weekend as head of a seminary in Argentina.

The views of Bishop Williamson, who has led the seminary in La Reja since 2003, do not reflect those of The Society of St. Pius X, said Christian Bouchacourt, head of its Latin American chapter. Bouchacourt said, in effect, Williamson had no business discussing the Holocaust issue.

"It's obvious that a Catholic bishop cannot talk with the ecclesiastical authority but to things related to faith and morality," Bouchacourt said in a written statement.

 

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geirj

geirj wrote:

http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/02/09/germany.bishop/index.html

Holocaust-denying bishop loses court battle

  • Story Highlights
  • Bishop Richard Williamson loses bid to restrict access in Germany to a TV interview
     
  • He told Swedish TV he did not believe there was a Nazi plan to wipe out Jews
     
  • He wanted Swedish TV to be banned from airing interview in Germany or on Internet
     
  • Holocaust denial is a crime in Germany if the denial is publicized in Germany
     

BERLIN, Germany (CNN) -- A German court Monday refused to intervene in the case of Bishop Richard Williamson, who is facing prosecution for denying the Holocaust -- a crime in Germany.

Williamson asked the court to order Swedish Public Television to restrict broadcast of an interview in which he doubts the existence of Nazi gas chambers and a systematic Nazi plan to annihilate European Jewry.

Williamson sought the help of the court because Holocaust denial is punishable in Germany only if it is publicized there. The court refused the request, it announced Monday.

His lawyers argued that giving an interview to a Swedish television station did not constitute denying the Holocaust in Germany -- although he was physically in the country when he made the remarks.

Williamson hit the headlines last month when he and three other ultra-conservative bishops were welcomed back into the Roman Catholic Church, more than 20 years after Pope John Paul II excommunicated them on a theological question unrelated to the Holocaust.

The state court of Nuremberg-Fuerth ruled that the bishop would have had to notify Swedish reporters of any restrictions before the interview.

According to the court, Williamson also wanted the interview removed from the network's Web site.

The court said it is clear that the Swedish network is available on satellite in many countries and that he knew they had a Web site which can be seen around the world.

A German district attorney announced February 4 that he had launched a criminal investigation against Williamson on January 23. Regensburg District Attorney Guenther Ruckdaeschel said authorities are investigating whether his remarks can be considered "inciting racial hatred."

Denying the Holocaust in Germany is punishable by up to five years in prison.

"I believe that the historical evidence is strongly against -- is hugely against -- six million Jews having been deliberately gassed in gas chambers as a deliberate policy of Adolf Hitler," Williamson said in the interview, which also appeared on various Web sites after broadcast. "I believe there were no gas chambers."

Williamson and three other bishops who belong to the Society of Saint Pius X were excommunicated in 1988. The society was founded by Archbishop Marcel Lefebrve, who rebelled against the Vatican's modernizing reforms in the 1960s, and who consecrated the men in unsanctioned ceremonies.

The rehabilitation of Williamson sparked harsh condemnation from Israel, American Jewish leaders and German Chancellor Angela Merkel, among others.

The Vatican has pointed to several statements by Pope Benedict XVI in the past few years condemning the destruction of European Jewry, including his visits to concentration camps. He has also said he did not know of Williamson's views on the Holocaust when he lifted the excommunication.

The Vatican has said Williamson will not be allowed to perform priestly functions until he recants his Holocaust denial.

He has apologized for "distress" his remarks caused the pope, but he has not retracted them.

On Sunday, Merkel phoned Pope Benedict about the issue, though neither side seemed to have shifted its position over Williamson.

In addition, Williamson was removed over the weekend as head of a seminary in Argentina.

The views of Bishop Williamson, who has led the seminary in La Reja since 2003, do not reflect those of The Society of St. Pius X, said Christian Bouchacourt, head of its Latin American chapter. Bouchacourt said, in effect, Williamson had no business discussing the Holocaust issue.

"It's obvious that a Catholic bishop cannot talk with the ecclesiastical authority but to things related to faith and morality," Bouchacourt said in a written statement.

 

So the key to combating ignorance is to silence dissent? Isn't that what Hitler did?

I can understand the embarrassment Germany rightfully accepts and wants to avoid. But for them, who should be painfully aware of fascism, to turn and do the exact same thing to dissent, is abhorent and does not rectify the healing that should be happening.

Healing is not about squashing dissent, healing is about knowing that one can get beyond even the most extreme differences.

 

 

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Brian37 wrote:So the key to

Brian37 wrote:

So the key to combating ignorance is to silence dissent? Isn't that what Hitler did?

I can understand the embarrassment Germany rightfully accepts and wants to avoid. But for them, who should be painfully aware of fascism, to turn and do the exact same thing to dissent, is abhorent and does not rectify the healing that should be happening.

Healing is not about squashing dissent, healing is about knowing that one can get beyond even the most extreme differences.

Agreed. Nothing should be hated to such a passion that words can result in crime. Freedom falls with every charge.

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Well I don't believe in

Well I don't believe in unlimited anything even free speech ( and no country on Earth permits it). While I feel pretty uneasy about Germany holocaust denial law (a lot of other European countries have it to)  its hardly a 'non-rational' decision. I suspect in 50 years time or something it will be removed


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Based on past experience, I

Based on past experience, I think the church will likely cover it up and move the bishop to another country.


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mrjonno wrote:Well I don't

mrjonno wrote:

Well I don't believe in unlimited anything even free speech ( and no country on Earth permits it). While I feel pretty uneasy about Germany holocaust denial law (a lot of other European countries have it to)  its hardly a 'non-rational' decision. I suspect in 50 years time or something it will be removed

That would be supremely ironic, since by then all the survivors will be dead and the idea that it never happened will have more power than ever before.

I personally do believe in free speech being unlimitted. However, I also believe in accepting the consequences for said speech, something most people don't seem to have a grasp on...

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mrjonno wrote:Well I don't

mrjonno wrote:

Well I don't believe in unlimited anything even free speech ( and no country on Earth permits it). While I feel pretty uneasy about Germany holocaust denial law (a lot of other European countries have it to)  its hardly a 'non-rational' decision. I suspect in 50 years time or something it will be removed

What do you mean, no unlimited free speech? What would be limited, who would determine that? What would it matter? It wouldn't change anything.

*Our world is far more complex than the rigid structure we want to assign to it, and we will probably never fully understand it.*

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The denial laws are to

The denial laws are to protect the feelings of survivors and also the reputation of Germany (which if suffers effects all Germans). Hence in 50 years there won't be any survivors and no one will make Germans as a whole responsible for wingnut fascists.

Restrictions on free speech are determined by the society we live in through note I consider the word society/government to be interchangable when discussing politics

 

 


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mrjonno wrote:The denial

mrjonno wrote:

The denial laws are to protect the feelings of survivors and also the reputation of Germany (which if suffers effects all Germans). Hence in 50 years there won't be any survivors and no one will make Germans as a whole responsible for wingnut fascists.

Restrictions on free speech are determined by the society we live in through note I consider the word society/government to be interchangable when discussing politics

 

 

If protecting one person endangers the freedom of another(especially more than one other, as in this case), then that protection should be withdrawn. Noone is more important than anyone else. Victim or not. Everyone is a victim of something or another. If every victim were to be permitted to limit speech then we'd no longer be able to speak.

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mrjonno wrote:The denial

mrjonno wrote:

The denial laws are to protect the feelings of survivors and also the reputation of Germany (which if suffers effects all Germans). Hence in 50 years there won't be any survivors and no one will make Germans as a whole responsible for wingnut fascists.

Restrictions on free speech are determined by the society we live in through note I consider the word society/government to be interchangable when discussing politics

 

 

.....not exactly. You can't control what offends people, and frankly repressing the ideas of others, no matter how ridiculous those ideas are, just leads to more resentment. IT DOES NOT MAKE IT GO AWAY.

Restrictions on free speech is like restrictions on thought. It's creepy, Big-Brother-esque and frankly achieves nothing.

*Our world is far more complex than the rigid structure we want to assign to it, and we will probably never fully understand it.*

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...So, peppermint, in your

...So, peppermint, in your opinion we should champion the protection of any ideas - regardless of their worth, content or intent? Bear in mind that lying about the Holocaust isn't some form of self-expression or information exchange.

If I were to start spreading rumors about you being a child abuser or a thief, for example, should my right to freedom of speech protect me?

 

It's also interesting that you brought-up totalitarianism; Iran, for example, actively uses Holocaust denial as part of the state propaganda to brainwash school children into hating the Jews.

 

I don't agree with the German Nazi censorship laws or Holocaust denial laws. That being said:



 

That's what was left of the country after Hitler was done running Germany into the ground.

Dare I say that I can't blame the leadership for going rather overboard in an effort to prevent a repeat of the past.

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"Natasha has just come up to the window from the courtyard and opened it wider so that the air may enter more freely into my room. I can see the bright green strip of grass beneath the wall, and the clear blue sky above the wall, and sunlight everywhere. Life is beautiful. Let the future generations cleanse it of all evil, oppression and violence, and enjoy it to the full."

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 Without even getting into

 Without even getting into the freedom of speech argument, I'm glad that people are upset about his denials of the Holocaust. I'm sure that there are Christians that watch whatever televison show that this was on. If they are willing to believe that there is an invisible man in the sky watching you, then they are damn sure gullible enough to believe one of their "holy leaders" when he says that the Holocaust was just a misunderstanding and that those damn dirty Jews are exaggerating


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I say that ALL ideas should

I say that ALL ideas should be expressed freely.

 

Silencing holocaust denial isn't going to make them accept the holocaust. You can't have open dialogue with somebody if you censor their ideas.

 

If somebody thinks I'm a thief, then by expressing it, I can show that I am not a thief and that person can change their mind. However, if I just told them to shut up, they're still going to think I'm a thief.

And as for trying to avoid repeating the past, you might as well get rid of all forms of German nationalism while you're at it.

 

 

 

 

 


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Kevin R Brown wrote:...So,

Kevin R Brown wrote:

...So, peppermint, in your opinion we should champion the protection of any ideas - regardless of their worth, content or intent? Bear in mind that lying about the Holocaust isn't some form of self-expression or information exchange.

If I were to start spreading rumors about you being a child abuser or a thief, for example, should my right to freedom of speech protect me?

It certainly should. It's not like such things don't happen on a daily basis anyway. Yet society manages to move on.

 

Kevin R Brown wrote:

It's also interesting that you brought-up totalitarianism; Iran, for example, actively uses Holocaust denial as part of the state propaganda to brainwash school children into hating the Jews.

That's not free speech. That's forced education. There's a significant difference.

 

Kevin R Brown wrote:

I don't agree with the German Nazi censorship laws or Holocaust denial laws. That being said:

(pics removed for site bandwith by me) 

That's what was left of the country after Hitler was done running Germany into the ground.

Dare I say that I can't blame the leadership for going rather overboard in an effort to prevent a repeat of the past.

You know it's funny you say that, since Hitler is the only reason that Germany is a world power today. It's the one great thing he accomplished. Germany was in ruins after WWI, and financially bankrupted by it's opponents in WWI. It had no way to escape it, until Hitler found an escape. It probably won't be another hundred years or so before people recognize that fact on a wide scale, but it's still a fact. Similar to how Napoleon introduced the Napoleonic code of law, yet different.

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Quote:It had no way to

Quote:

It had no way to escape it, until Hitler found an escape.

This is wrong. Only the French were really prepared to enforce Versailles and the it was in the interest of the British and Americans to pare it down and bring Germany back on its feet (from the British perspective it would be an economic boon and the Americans were promoting the agenda of Wilson's Fourteen points). As demonstrated by the Dawes Plan and the treaties of Locarno and Rapallo, the Germans were getting back on their feet by the mid to late 1920s with the help of who had previously been the Entente powers. As a consequence, the power of extreme ideologies such as Nazism waned. It was the Wall Street crash that brought them roaring back and brought Hitler to power. Had it not occured, Nazism would have died away.

"Physical reality” isn’t some arbitrary demarcation. It is defined in terms of what we can systematically investigate, directly or not, by means of our senses. It is preposterous to assert that the process of systematic scientific reasoning arbitrarily excludes “non-physical explanations” because the very notion of “non-physical explanation” is contradictory.

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deludedgod wrote:Quote:It

deludedgod wrote:

Quote:

It had no way to escape it, until Hitler found an escape.

This is wrong. Only the French were really prepared to enforce Versailles and the it was in the interest of the British and Americans to pare it down and bring Germany back on its feet (from the British perspective it would be an economic boon and the Americans were promoting the agenda of Wilson's Fourteen points). As demonstrated by the Dawes Plan and the treaties of Locarno and Rapallo, the Germans were getting back on their feet by the mid to late 1920s with the help of who had previously been the Entente powers. As a consequence, the power of extreme ideologies such as Nazism waned. It was the Wall Street crash that brought them roaring back and brought Hitler to power. Had it not occured, Nazism would have died away.

I don't believe that only the French were prepared to enforce it. It came about with only the French, American, and British powers being left at the table. If America and Britain didn't feel comfortable with such a stipulation, it wouldn't have been there in the first place. Britain's only real reservations were in the possibility that France could become the most powerful country in the world. As far as their view on Germany itself, yes they'd lost a trading partner. But they'd also lost their largest competitor. Even trade.

And Hitler was active way back in 1923, helping his nations pride recover before he took control. Arbitrarily dismissing his early efforts(which were significant) and suggesting he only got power due to Wall Street seems quite a bit lacking, in my view.

I'm not trying to say he was a good guy by any stretch, or that his good deed even compares to his bad ones, let alone mitigates them, but he did bring Germany back to it's feet. There wasn't anyone else in Germany who could have accomplished what he did.

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Quote:I don't believe that

Quote:

I don't believe that only the French were prepared to enforce it

The British and Americans were fully prepared to relax terms of treaty as was clear at Locarno and Rapallo. The French probably would have been as well if they had a military guarantee from Britain as they had desired in 1921 but as it was, they were commited to pursuing an aggressive policy in the Ruhr and maintaining control over the Saar region and demanding the full repayment.

Quote:

It came about with only the French, American, and British powers being left at the table. If America and Britain didn't feel comfortable with such a stipulation, it wouldn't have been there in the first place

This is dead wrong. One of the reasons that WWI broke out was because of clandestine diplomacy also known as intrigue. As a consequence Versailles was essentially an "open treaty", as a consequence, politicians of the Entente powers were under tremendous pressure from their citizenry. The Entente powers were hardly a united front on this matter. France was pushing an agenda to squeeze Germany "until the pips squeaked". Both their leadership and their citizenry were fully in favor of this, as it was in France's best interest to castrate Germany militarily and economically. The problem facing Lloyd George and Wilson was that their own citizenry felt precisely the same way. Woodrow Wilson felt exactly the opposite. He drafted his fourteen point agenda on the basis that the path being pursued by Clemenceau was precisely this sort of diplomacy that had led to WWI in the first place. As a consequence the three leaders started to fragment, Clemenceau developed a deep dislike for both George and Wilson. In the end, the French got what they wanted. The treaty was not based on idea of creating peace in Europe, but was instead driven by public pressure in Britain and France, whose citizenry desired severe punishment for the Germans (a sentiment echoed by French leadership). The national delegations had different self interests. The Americans were most interested in a satisfactory European peace settlement, because that would be in their best interest from an economic and political standpoint. In this case, a “satisfactory European peace settlement” and “self interest” are two sides of the same coin to the Americans. The Old Europe was fundamentally unstable. If the Americans could help to construct a new order, it would benefit them enormously. The French were most interested in watching the Germans suffer, and the British were most interested in maintaining their empire and their naval dominance. The actions of the Entente in Versailles indicated that they were primarily responding to a combination of economic interests, self-interests and public pressures.

The League of Nations was not commited to enforcing the treaty of Versailles. Only the French were interested in it in the early 1920s as evidenced by their invasion of the Ruhr. They expected the support of the British in this endeavor to enforce the treaty, but were cold-shouldered by the League and forced to withdraw. This effectively signalled that the British were uninterested in pursuing this path of diplomacy, and since the Americans had withdrawn into isolationism they didn't care by this point anyway (they weren't even league of nation members)

Quote:

And Hitler was active way back in 1923, helping his nations pride recover before he took control. Arbitrarily dismissing his early efforts(which were significant) and suggesting he only got power due to Wall Street seems quite a bit lacking, in my view.

You are strawmanning my argument. It was clear that a combination of factors brought Hitler to power but had not the Wall Street crash occured, the Nazi party would not have risen. With the success of the Dawes plan, the Germans were turning away from the extreme flanks of the political spectrum in the late 1920s. Hitler was powerful in 1923 precisely because of Germany's economic and political misery. He decided he had sufficient power to initiate the putsch. It was his time in Landberg where he decided to "go by the ballot box". As a consequence, the Nazis did poorly in the parlimentary elections, at least until 1929, and by 1932 were the largest party in the Reichstag through a combination of popularity, clandestine intrigue and violence.

 

"Physical reality” isn’t some arbitrary demarcation. It is defined in terms of what we can systematically investigate, directly or not, by means of our senses. It is preposterous to assert that the process of systematic scientific reasoning arbitrarily excludes “non-physical explanations” because the very notion of “non-physical explanation” is contradictory.

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deludedgod wrote:Quote:I

deludedgod wrote:

Quote:

I don't believe that only the French were prepared to enforce it

The British and Americans were fully prepared to relax terms of treaty as was clear at Locarno and Rapallo. The French probably would have been as well if they had a military guarantee from Britain as they had desired in 1921 but as it was, they were commited to pursuing an aggressive policy in the Ruhr and maintaining control over the Saar region and demanding the full repayment.

Quote:

It came about with only the French, American, and British powers being left at the table. If America and Britain didn't feel comfortable with such a stipulation, it wouldn't have been there in the first place

This is dead wrong. One of the reasons that WWI broke out was because of clandestine diplomacy also known as intrigue. As a consequence Versailles was essentially an "open treaty", as a consequence, politicians of the Entente powers were under tremendous pressure from their citizenry. The Entente powers were hardly a united front on this matter. France was pushing an agenda to squeeze Germany "until the pips squeaked". Both their leadership and their citizenry were fully in favor of this, as it was in France's best interest to castrate Germany militarily and economically. The problem facing Lloyd George and Wilson was that their own citizenry felt precisely the same way. Woodrow Wilson felt exactly the opposite. He drafted his fourteen point agenda on the basis that the path being pursued by Clemenceau was precisely this sort of diplomacy that had led to WWI in the first place. As a consequence the three leaders started to fragment, Clemenceau developed a deep dislike for both George and Wilson. In the end, the French got what they wanted. The treaty was not based on idea of creating peace in Europe, but was instead driven by public pressure in Britain and France, whose citizenry desired severe punishment for the Germans (a sentiment echoed by French leadership). The national delegations had different self interests. The Americans were most interested in a satisfactory European peace settlement, because that would be in their best interest from an economic and political standpoint. In this case, a “satisfactory European peace settlement” and “self interest” are two sides of the same coin to the Americans. The Old Europe was fundamentally unstable. If the Americans could help to construct a new order, it would benefit them enormously. The French were most interested in watching the Germans suffer, and the British were most interested in maintaining their empire and their naval dominance. The actions of the Entente in Versailles indicated that they were primarily responding to a combination of economic interests, self-interests and public pressures.

The League of Nations was not commited to enforcing the treaty of Versailles. Only the French were interested in it in the early 1920s as evidenced by their invasion of the Ruhr. They expected the support of the British in this endeavor to enforce the treaty, but were cold-shouldered by the League and forced to withdraw. This effectively signalled that the British were uninterested in pursuing this path of diplomacy, and since the Americans had withdrawn into isolationism they didn't care by this point anyway (they weren't even league of nation members)

Quote:

And Hitler was active way back in 1923, helping his nations pride recover before he took control. Arbitrarily dismissing his early efforts(which were significant) and suggesting he only got power due to Wall Street seems quite a bit lacking, in my view.

You are strawmanning my argument. It was clear that a combination of factors brought Hitler to power but had not the Wall Street crash occured, the Nazi party would not have risen. With the success of the Dawes plan, the Germans were turning away from the extreme flanks of the political spectrum in the late 1920s. Hitler was powerful in 1923 precisely because of Germany's economic and political misery. He decided he had sufficient power to initiate the putsch. It was his time in Landberg where he decided to "go by the ballot box". As a consequence, the Nazis did poorly in the parlimentary elections, at least until 1929, and by 1932 were the largest party in the Reichstag through a combination of popularity, clandestine intrigue and violence.

 

I didn't strawman anything. You have no evidence to say that the nazi party would have evaporated if wall street hadn't happened, which is exactly what you said. Twice now. My view on the events is simply different than yours. I have seen plenty of indication that Britain had no interest in repealing or loosening Versailes until long after Hitler had gained a significant amount of popularity thanks in part to Versailes. The three powers I mentioned are the only ones worth mentioning at the end of the conference. The rest of the major powers had abandoned it for one reason or another. France had no interest whatsoever in repealing or loosening Versailes, due to their extreme losses in WWI and the fact much of the war took place on their land.

Were it not for the events of 1923, I would agree that the nazi party would have eventually evaporated were it not for wall street, simply because I have nothing conclusive with which to base an argument on in those circumstances. It still might not have happened that way, but it's impossible to argue either way. Too many factors are involved, such as the European hatred of the Jews. But that's not what happened. Hitler had significant power long before the crash. The crash was a trigger, it was not the only possible trigger. Neither is it clear that a trigger was actually necessary. You are no more qualified than I am of rewriting history after changing a few factors.

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You are trying to appeal to "you have your opinion and I have mine" in the face of very solid historical evidence. As is well known, the Nazis went through two cycles of popularity. The latter was what brought them to power and it was radically different to the former. Initially, the Nazis began as a revolutionary party in the sense that they were determined to enforce their principles by means of seizing power through coup d'eta. After Hitler’s prison time they became a party which attempted to use the machinery of Parliament to seize power. This radical change of direction was a consequence  of the failed coup in Munich. However, initially the Nazis did badly in their attempts to gain power in this way as you can see from this table below. The reason for that is the time during and after Hitler’s prison stint coincides with the era of conciliation, in which Germany was economically revitalizing and the crisis was easing, at least until 1929.

Quote:

Hitler had significant power long before the crash

Yes. This is common historical knowledge. What is also common historical knowledge is that Hitler's power was eroding rapidly in the late 1920s. This is a very well established factorial analysis.

Date

Votes (in thousands)

Percentage

Seats in Reichstag

Background

May 1924

1,918.3

6.5

32

Hitler in prison

December 1924

907.3

3.0

14

Hitler is released from prison

May 1928

810.1

2.6

12

 

September 1930

6,409.6

18.3

107

After the financial crisis

July 1932

13,745.8

37.4

230

After Hitler was candidate for presidency

November 1932

11,737.0

33.1

196

 

March 1933

17,277.0

43.9

288

During Hitler's term as Chancellor of Germany

 

This shows the cycles of Hitler’s power. Hitler began to move by the ballot box after his time in Landsberg prison, as per the new strategy he had decided upon. Nazism was an extremist ideology. As such, it appealed in times of economic, political and social crisis. The years of 1919-1923 was the first period of crisis. That is why Hitler was sufficiently powerful during this time that he decided his party was capable of enacting the Munich Putsch. The crisis was why people moved toward the flanks of the political spectrum. As Germany’s economic revitilization occured during the era of conciliation (1923-1929), the popularity of extremist ideology faded. The economic, social and political crisis of the early 1920s was the oxygen of extremist ideology. Had the crisis continued to relax by 1929, so too the power of extremist ideologies would have faded. Think of it this way. The initial crisis in Germany, primarily caused by the Treaty of Versailles, was what forged the Nazi Party and established them as a well known political party by 1923. The second crisis, the Wall Street Crash, brought them to power after a period of waning.

Quote:

I have seen plenty of indication the Britain had no interest in repealling or loosening Versailes until long after Hitler came to power

That's fantastic, but you haven't provided any historical evidence whereas I have cited three key pieces of historical evidence to counter this claim. The treaty of Locarno, the French invasion of the Ruhr and British response, and the Dawes plan. History is not a subject of opinion. It is a subject where analysis is backed by fact. It is common historical knowledge that the British were pushing an agenda to allow Germany back on the world stage, and the French found themselves increasingly alone in their desire to push for enforcement of the treaty and eventually they had to abandon this policy. This began  period which was known as the period of conciliation. After the French were forced to withdraw from the Ruhr, the European powers were increasingly committed to a Europe in which Germany was rebuilt. As a consequence, the Dawes Plan was enacted and the Young Plan afterwards. The former was designed to settle the "question" of reparations. 

In fact, the policy of reparation had been in total crisis since 1921. The victorious powers were divided on the course of action. The British desired a postponement on payment and a decrease in the amount demanded by the French. In December 1921, the Germans announced they could not pay their next installment and in July 1922, the Germans requested another postponement The British were sympathetic to the German plea for several reasons. They were concerned about a Russo-Germanic alliance and wanted to block Russian influence into a key European nation and an economically impotent Germany benefited only the French. France held steadfast and refused to allow any compromise. At the Genoa conference in 1922, they vetoed plans to revise the reparations. The Germans held equally steadfast and refused to pay. It was clear that the French would respond militarily, as promised. Thus, in order to claim payment, French and Belgian troops invaded the Ruhr region. The Germans were deeply nationalistic and refused to work knowing their economic productivity would fund the French. Thus, there were mass strikes and economic productivity shut down. As a result, the Mark depreciated and the government had no choice but to print more money. This policy was soon out of control and by 1923, the mark was trading at nearly 1 trillion to the US dollar. The British refused to support France and it was clear they would have to back down (which they did, 9 months later)

In the wake of the Ruhr crisis, the Dawes Committee proposed that German reparations should be relaxed. A less radical French PM (Poincare) helped reach an agreement (in 1924) where the German reparations would be relaxed, and they would receive American money to help them. The Germans in turn agreed to the new reparations. It was clear by this point that the result of the Ruhr crisis signalled that the Entente powers were not prepared to enforce Versailles. Certainly not Britain or the USA. After their failed incursion, even the French had to rethink their position.


"Physical reality” isn’t some arbitrary demarcation. It is defined in terms of what we can systematically investigate, directly or not, by means of our senses. It is preposterous to assert that the process of systematic scientific reasoning arbitrarily excludes “non-physical explanations” because the very notion of “non-physical explanation” is contradictory.

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Vastet
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I cannot disagree with any

I cannot disagree with any of the facts you present. Most of them I was previously aware of, though some I was not. Unlike science, however, politics and history are largely opinion. The opinion of the victor(s). How many people remember the Taliban demanding proof from Bush in order to give up Bin Laden? Proof that was never delivered(regardless of the validity of the reason)? Every year that goes by, fewer and fewer remember it. I have never seen it written in a history book or web page. But it sure as fuck still happened. This is merely one example of major things I have seen in my life that have vanished into obscurity. It would be naive of me to assume that such didn't occur even more often and more successfully in a world less capable of preserving and documenting events.

I did in fact provide one piece of evidence(circumstancial or not); the fact that Versailes happened at all. With three major powers at the table, all of whom verified by both of us, it went through. That is my indication that Britain had little or no interest in mitigating it. At least initially. You have well demonstrated however that Britain was interested in changing it within a brief period of time. Whether or not that means anything for the time of the treaty itself is beyond me. France definately wanted it. I can't honestly remember anything regarding the US, so I've left them out intentionally.

Your chart is somewhat indicative of your point being accurate, but your argument focuses on too few things. It does not only take financial crises to change public opinion. The fact of the matter is that wall street and Hitler's change of tactics ocurred at a similar time, for very different reasons, amongst a shitload of other crises. Extrapolating a future from these and other events changing is ridiculous. It can't be done. A historian who says otherwise is a liar. It's like a meteorologist saying that it WILL be raining at 2:00pm EST on January 4th, 2018, in Toronto Ontario. Sure he might be right. But it'll be a fluke if he is. History is even worse than weather. It only records the known activities of the biggest players, when the small players and the unknown activities of the biggest players can have a much greater effect. And there are still military secrets from that time that have never been and likely never will be revealed until all who were alive at the time are dust. If then.

If you want to continue this discussion, then I'll be respectfully backing out and will allow you the last word, regardless of how well you tear apart my post Sticking out tongue. I don't think for a moment that political history can be analysed to a degree of certainty like science can. All history with the exception of scientific fields(geology, astronomy, etc) is questionable to a large degree. There have been too many lies and rewritings of history every single year that goes by for me to put much stock in it. I have my view on it, others are free to have theirs. Seeing as how it's all more than half a century ago, it's not an important enough issue for me to really care about.

I do thank you for educating me on a couple of issues however. Always appreciated. Smiling

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Quote:It does not only take

Quote:

It does not only take financial crises to change public opinion. The fact of the matter is that wall street and Hitler's change of tactics ocurred at a similar time, for very different reasons, amongst a shitload of other crises

Not entirely. Hitler made the decision to exploit the democractic process ("go by the ballot box" as they put it) in Landsberg prison, which is also where he wrote Mein Kampf. But I would agree that it wasn't just the Wall Street crash that brought Hitler to power. There is one key factor missing from both analyses. A key factor in the rise to power of the Nazis was the "spectre" of communism. Marx would have been suprised that the first communist state was the USSR. For a backward, agrarian nation like Russia to make this move before industrial nations like Britain and Germany would have confounded his analysis. He expected the reverse to occur. In the wake of WWI, the German KDP gained significant strength, and took Berlin as their own in 1919 before the uprising was crushed by the Freikorps. During the initial rise of Nazi popularity in the early 1920s, the combination of the Weimar democracy and economic instability gave birth to over 50 political factions in Berlin alone, but only the NDSAP (The Nazi party) and KDP (German communist party) emerged as powerful movements. As a consequence the early years of the 1920s saw the battle between the flanks of the political spectrum. In the same way, in Italy before Mussolini took power, the Italian Communist Party was significantly stronger than Mussolini's party initially (which, in fact, started out as a socialist party until the "shift to the right" as per Mussolini's strategy). In both Germany and Italy, the right wing eventually won out. Fear of the KDP and communism in general was a key contributer to Nazi victory. Unlike in Russia during the Bolshevik revolution, there were very large swaths of the German population who feared communism. The farmers feared their land would be collectivized. The skilled workers feared their wages would be equalized with the unskilled workers. The middle class and small business owners (which constituted a significantly larger portion of the German population than Russian) feared their businesses would be destroyed etc. etc. This fear was exacerbated by the fact that Germany had already allied itself with the USSR at the Treaty of Rapallo. In many ways, the two states were basically propelled into each other's arms. They were both pariah states at the time. Russia, fearful of encirclement by capitalist powers, needed an ally, and Germany, in the midst of economic collapse, needed a trading partner (and a place to violate the Treaty of Versailles in secret by training an armed force). This is also a reason the British were reluctant to bring the iron fist down on Germany, as it would just propel it further toward the USSR. The failure of the Weimar government to ease the economic collapse ensured people would flock to the political flanks, as people became disillusioned with democracy and liberalism in general, and the social strata of Germany made it likely that the right would triumph over the left (which it did). Ideologically, Hitler did not make any clear alterations in the interval years 1924-1929. His party had always been a nationalist, anti-semitic, anti-communist  party on the far right of the political spectrum. It was his method of seizing power the second time around, which proved crucial.

"Physical reality” isn’t some arbitrary demarcation. It is defined in terms of what we can systematically investigate, directly or not, by means of our senses. It is preposterous to assert that the process of systematic scientific reasoning arbitrarily excludes “non-physical explanations” because the very notion of “non-physical explanation” is contradictory.

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deludedgod wrote:Quote:It

deludedgod wrote:

Quote:

It does not only take financial crises to change public opinion. The fact of the matter is that wall street and Hitler's change of tactics ocurred at a similar time, for very different reasons, amongst a shitload of other crises

Not entirely. Hitler made the decision to exploit the democractic process ("go by the ballot box" as they put it) in Landsberg prison, which is also where he wrote Mein Kampf. But I would agree that it wasn't just the Wall Street crash that brought Hitler to power. There is one key factor missing from both analyses. A key factor in the rise to power of the Nazis was the "spectre" of communism. Marx would have been suprised that the first communist state was the USSR. For a backward, agrarian nation like Russia to make this move before industrial nations like Britain and Germany would have confounded his analysis. He expected the reverse to occur. In the wake of WWI, the German KDP gained significant strength, and took Berlin as their own in 1919 before the uprising was crushed by the Freikorps. During the initial rise of Nazi popularity in the early 1920s, the combination of the Weimar democracy and economic instability gave birth to over 50 political factions in Berlin alone, but only the NDSAP (The Nazi party) and KDP (German communist party) emerged as powerful movements. As a consequence the early years of the 1920s saw the battle between the flanks of the political spectrum. In the same way, in Italy before Mussolini took power, the Italian Communist Party was significantly stronger than Mussolini's party initially (which, in fact, started out as a socialist party until the "shift to the right" as per Mussolini's strategy). In both Germany and Italy, the right wing eventually won out. Fear of the KDP and communism in general was a key contributer to Nazi victory. Unlike in Russia during the Bolshevik revolution, there were very large swaths of the German population who feared communism. The farmers feared their land would be collectivized. The skilled workers feared their wages would be equalized with the unskilled workers. The middle class and small business owners (which constituted a significantly larger portion of the German population than Russian) feared their businesses would be destroyed etc. etc. This fear was exacerbated by the fact that Germany had already allied itself with the USSR at the Treaty of Rapallo. In many ways, the two states were basically propelled into each other's arms. They were both pariah states at the time. Russia, fearful of encirclement by capitalist powers, needed an ally, and Germany, in the midst of economic collapse, needed a trading partner (and a place to violate the Treaty of Versailles in secret by training an armed force). This is also a reason the British were reluctant to bring the iron fist down on Germany, as it would just propel it further toward the USSR. The failure of the Weimar government to ease the economic collapse ensured people would flock to the political flanks, as people became disillusioned with democracy and liberalism in general, and the social strata of Germany made it likely that the right would triumph over the left (which it did). Ideologically, Hitler did not make any clear alterations in the interval years 1924-1929. His party had always been a nationalist, anti-semitic, anti-communist  party on the far right of the political spectrum. It was his method of seizing power the second time around, which proved crucial.

Now this contained a fair bit of thought I hadn't considered before. I wasn't considering communism as an issue until about '45 or so. But you are quite correct.

 

You also made me a liar, since I responded again.

*Shakes fist*

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