Modal Ontological Argument
(1) If an eternal being exists, then there is no potential for this being to not exist.
(1a) An eternal being is, by definition, without end. Any being which has the potential to stop existing is not eternal.
(2) If an eternal being does not exist, then there is no potential for this being to exist.
(2a) An eternal being is, by definition, without beginning.
(3) An eternal being either exists or does not exist.
(3a) This disjunction is exclusive, both disjuncts cannot both be true.
(4) That which has no potential to exist is logically impossible, or has a nature which violates the law of non-contradiction.
(5) The nature of an eternal being does not violate the law of non-contradiction.
(5a) Thus, it is not the case that there is no potential for this being to exist.
(5b) If it is not the case that there is no potential for this being to exist, then it must be the case that there is no potential for this being to not exist.
(6) Therefore, an eternal being exists.
(7) An eternal being cannot be made of anything.
(7a) Formless matter is impossible; any matter will always have some form, even if that form is chaos.
(7b) If an eternal being is made of matter, then the being would have came into existence once the matter attained its form (since the form is what this being is) which would require either the being to give form to its own matter or be shaped by some other being.
(7c) Both options in (7b) would contradict the idea of eternity.
We can thus conclude from logic alone that an eternal immaterial being must exist. This does not prove the God of the Bible, but it opens the door to the numinous. This plants the seeds for the acceptance of special revelation, especially given the consistency of the Abrahamic God as being eternal and immaterial, as opposed to being an anthropomorphic super-being.
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As the sample set size goes to infinity, all random distributions approach the normal distribution. Of the vast sea of random chaotic sensory data that makes up our human experience, mind is made up of the central elements of the sample set, that is to say, logic is the data clustered around the mean of our sensory experiences and hence experience is not coherent to us per se, "we" (as in the minds/egos which we filter the experience through) cohere to the mean of the reality (limited by the senses).
I have no idea what you even just said.
What is the "sample set"? What are "random distributions"? What are the "central elements"? What is it to be "clustered around the mean of our sensory experiences"?
That is a vain and ignorant statement of the worst kind. I would recommend you get yourself a pet and experience the kinship of humans and animals first hand but the idea of one of gods lovely creatures being directly exposed to that bigotry appalls me.
God created man in his likeness. Not animals. God created the Earth for the benefit of man and that included animals.
God blessed them and said to them, “Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and over every living creature that moves on the ground.” --Genesis 1:28
Mice have senses and brains, they work like we do in every physical sense, with different adaptations.
Right, but what makes you think we are just physical beings?
If you choose to stratify yourself so vainly above the rest of the eukaryotes then I can find no reason to trust that you or anything you say could represent any God of the man who said - "What you do unto the least of my creatures you do to me"
That is a total mischaracterization of the Bible. God commanded man to be caretakers of the Earth. Animal cruelty would not be conducive to that.
There is not 'no reason' to trust logic works. There is some reason (mostly pragmatic) and none of it is absolute.
You are missing my point.
You are applying logic to situations which you claim were extralogical. Somehow we are able rationally justify actions which had no inherent logical implications, or we can derive rationality out of our irrationality? That makes absolutely no sense.
This is a blatant contradiction and you continue on doing it. Why?
The only thing you have to fall back on is the idea that there is no intelligence, only instinct or things which can be explained scientifically. This is called "biting the bullet."
There is also plenty of evidence that logic can fail
Actually, you are wrong.
Given a valid argument form, your conclusion will be true if all of your premises are true. This is always the case. It will never fail and it never has.
so why should only having some, non-absolute reason to trust logic be such a big problem?
Uh, because we would have no real way of falsifying a doctor who, in adhering to his own system of logic, decides that after he says, "Let me know if you feel pain", construes your saying that you feel pain as meaning that he should continue pricking you with the needle because there is no difference between pain and not pain?
Because we would lack objective means of telling OJ Simpson that he is full of it when he pleads that although he murdered his wife, that's only true within your logic and that by his own logic, you've murdered your wife?
Because if it is true that there is no absolute reason to trust logic, then there is no absolute reason to trust your statement that there is no absolute reason to trust logic?
Is there an alternative that we should be using instead?
Yes. Logic is absolute. It is transcendent. It is a priori. It is necessary. It is not relative.
No, you deified it and I have brought it back to reality.
No you haven't. You've reduced it to nothingness and now there is no reason to believe anything or to even have a conversation.
It's right there in the text : "distributivity of conjunction over disjunction"
A and (B or C) != (A and B) or (A and C)
Okay. And how is it violated? Please explain in layman's terms.
1: p & ~p has been observed in a very famous old physics experiment which was designed to reveal the nature of light. Since it exists (and this is despite 100 years of concerted effort to prove it does not) it's potential to exist is given and unquestionable. A photon is a particle and not a particle {in fact the geometric antithesis of a particle}, in the same.
Do you accept everything scientists say as being true?
How is a photon both a particle and not a particle? Please explain.
Strange qualification, I have only known eternity to be use in a temporal context. But Ok, if we allow that you have taken god's eternity to mean allness in the strictest sense then it doesn't really infer a unique entity that isn't ostensibly equivalent to all possible worlds; you've argued for a tautology.
No, I never stated that an eternal being was ontologically equal to the world in which he is predicated.
A
should be sufficient to justify doubt for you.
I'm not seeing it.
Please explain.
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It's worse than that, it's not even a tautology. Here's a model in which nothing exists in all possible worlds:
w0 = { }
Here's another one:
w0 = { ~Fred }
And here's another one, for completeness:
w0 = { Fred }
w1 = { Wilma }
His premise 4 is really the weakest part. It cannot hold for atomic symbols, since atoms can't be self-contradictory.
If he wants to go the tautology route, he'll end up with "Existence exists. Duh." Which I warned him about at the beginning.
And if he tries to rename 'existence' as 'god', my counterargument would be: I can imagine a logically possible world where the name 'god' doesn't exist. Therefore 'god' is not eternal, and we're back to "Existence exists".
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Actually, they do.
The logic of modalities necessarily makes reference to reality because the nature of logic itself constitutes an ontology of actualities. Modus ponens, the law of non-contradiction, universal instantiation, Bayes Theorem, disjunctive syllogisms; these are things that actually exist. Proper thinking actually exists. If these things did not exist as actualities (which is to say, they did not exist at all-- since that which is not actual does not exist), then we could not apply them right now. Hence, when you say "(x) ~(x & ~x)", you are making the statement that it is the case in all actuality that nothing can both be and not be at the same time. In the same way, possible worlds *are* connected to this reality because when we talk about possible worlds, we are talking about an actual-existing world which can manifest in different ways. In the case of the ontological argument, we can determine from the ontological category of God himself that God must exist because by virtue of his possibility, which is determined as that which accords with the law of non-contradiction, we can infer that he exists because the nature of such a being would be necessary and not contingent (~<>~g).
What you are doing is redefining the ontological nature of reality itself in order to separate it from the statements which we make about it, such that we can say that we are inexplicably in this reality but not that reality. I am arguing quite the opposite, that you assertion that reality is somehow a contingent thing is so far off the mark. It is like speaking of space outside of space, time outside of time, or consciousness outside of consciousness. It makes absolutely no sense and it is simply your continual attempt to obfuscate what could be explained much more parsimoniously. You are just throwing red herrings and trying to impress people with esoteric language and symbols so that they may automatically accept you as credible and not even consider the other side. That's not going to work with me. Sorry.
There is no distinction because "reality" is not an individual constant to be distinguished between other things. "Reality" is a linguistic operator. It has no particular point of reference. It is a convenient way for us to distinguish the corporeal from the imaginary. What we have are individual things which actually exist as opposed to ideas which can guide us to the way in which we can manipulate actuality in order to bring about actual exist.
Logical principles, though conceptual by their nature, are actualities. They are not things which are potential nor are they illusions. They are actual principles which we apply, such that we can call ourselves intelligent. The distinction you are making between logic and reality is actually a distinction between ideas and corporeal objects. This is your attempt to justify that we cannot use logic by itself to say things about the world, which allows you to disqualify the ontological argument automatically. But you fail because logic is actual. It is real. It is part of the set of things which we would justify as being reality.
No, I simply reject your points because no matter how much you try and obfuscate them with esoteric terms and symbols, you are still wrong.
Right, you can make false statements using modal operators. What is your point?
No because I've already made it clear that I am strictly referring to logical or metaphysical possibility (I reject any real distinction between the two).
Of course I understand it. The veracity of statements may be verified in sense experience, although some statements, such as "God-->~<>~God", are a priori and do not fall under the special provinces of empiricists.
No it does not. Eternity has no inherent reference to temporality. The definition which you give later on is totally off-base from what theologians use "eternal" to mean.
Nope.
Okay. Let "e" refer to an eternal unicorn which shares the exact same attributes as what I am positing to be an eternal being. By identity of indiscernibles, you are talking about the same thing as me but calling it something else.
The issue is not scientific. If it was, then there would be possible worlds where unicorns could be eternal. You've basically falsified your own point. You are acknowledging that there are possible worlds where natural scientific laws are different. Therefore, that would mean that the particular conglomeration of matter which constitutes this unicorn is contingent upon the physical laws which themselves could have been otherwise. Your only recourse here would be to say that there are possible worlds where the physical laws, which in this world are possible, are necessary. It would be saying that there are possible worlds where contingent entities are necessary. It would look like this:
(x){<>x--><>[~<>~x]}
OR
(x){(Ex)x-->~(Ex)~x} Modal equivalence
which would reduce to:
(Ep)p--->~(Ep)~p Rule UI
(Ep)p--->(p)p Rule QN
It just cancels out into incoherence, asserting that something is both universal and particular.
By the way, what physicists do you know of who claim that matter/energy are eternal? In order for something to be eternal, it must have a static element to it. Physicists believe that the universe was once pure energy and only later converted into matter. And yes, I do grant that they share one nature just as water and ice share the same nature. But the point is about change. Furthermore, if this happened along temporal lines, then we would have no way of verifying that it is eternal, whereas God is not subject to this since he is timeless and his nature is immutable.
No, it's an appropriate analogy to what you are saying.
I did read the page. I'm consistently referring to metaphysical/logical possibility within the scope of the entire argument. You are simply distorting what it says and trying to confuse onlookers by using big words and confusing symbols to make it look like you are saying something poignant.
I was addressing what you wrote and completely falsifying your statement. Can you acknowledge that you were wrong?
They are not temporal premises. At what point did I use any symbols which are restricted to temporal logic?
The problem with "unspoken assumptions" is that the other side then gets to decide what his opponent is saying. If you do not understand my position, then ask for clarification. Do not make your own interpolations.
Absolutely false.
While in the popular mind, eternity often simply means existence for a limitless amount of time, many have used it to refer to a timeless existence altogether outside of time
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternity
So far for the strict or proper notion of eternity, as applying solely to the Divine existence. There is a wide or improper sense in which we are wont to represent as eternal what is merely endless succession in time, and this even though the time in question should have had a beginning, as when we speak of the reward of the good and the punishment of the wicked as eternal, meaning by eternity only time or succession without end or limit in the future.me.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05551b.htm
Since we can now put to bed your blind assertion that my argument has temporal implications, I can delete much of what you've written because it is based around that mischaracterization.
I have stuck to one type of possibility throughout the entire argument.
By the way, it takes me a really long time to respond to your posts if you ramble like you do. You could probably make the same points in much less sentences. It took me an entire hour to respond to this one post and if you continue with this particular posting style, I will have to drop out of this conversation. Don't take it as a concession of victory. You've lost. You've misconstrued my entire argument because while you may have a passing knowledge in logic, you have no understanding of Christian theology. This is prerequisite if you are going to advance a rebuttal to an apologetics argument such as this one. All of your LONG paragraphs practically centered around a misunderstanding of the Christian concept of "eternity" and of God as a timeless entity. Furthermore, you did not even have the courtesy to ask for clarification on an argument that you did not understand. You merely projected upon me what you wanted me to say and then attacked it, posting in a way that you would know confuses onlookers. Surely, many of them probably believe that you've won this because of that.