Omniscience vs. Free Will: Contradictory?
I would like a debate on whether or not omniscience contradicts free will. Personally, I believe that there is no logical contradiction between omniscience and free will, but I would like to hear others’ thoughts on the matter.
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Define free will.
Atheism isn't a lot like religion at all. Unless by "religion" you mean "not religion". --Ciarin
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Free will is the ability of rational beings to make their own decisions without being coerced by some other force. Note that this does not mean the ability to decide to do any arbitrary action; you can’t say for example, “I can not decide to fly; therefore, I do not have free will.” It is the ability to choose a particular action, from the set of actions that are logically possible to do.
Sorry to be pedantic, but I need to know exactly what you mean in order to answer your question effectively.
When you speak of making choices without external coercion, do you mean that the "decision making device" -- whatever it is -- operates independently of the environment? In other words, supposing that after writing this post, I decide to go to the kitchen and grab a beer. (I've been thinking about it for some time, and haven't yet made up my mind.) Will my decision be made by some "decision making device" that operates arbitrarily outside of the sense data that I cannot help but perceive and the memories, perceptions and experiences that are part of my memory? Or, are my decisions the result of an "algorithm" that is the sum of my genes, memories, and current state of empirical awareness?
Atheism isn't a lot like religion at all. Unless by "religion" you mean "not religion". --Ciarin
http://hambydammit.wordpress.com/
Books about atheism
Let’s say that the decision is made as part of your genes, memories, awareness, physical state, and all that. For example, if you are hot and thirsty, you could still choose not to have a beer, no matter how much you might want one. But for the moment, I am avoiding the question of determinism (“Given my current mental state, experiences, and circumstances, of course I will always have a beer in this state, because life is deterministic.&rdquo.
Well, if you're avoiding answering the question of determinism, then you're preventing me from answering your question.
Atheism isn't a lot like religion at all. Unless by "religion" you mean "not religion". --Ciarin
http://hambydammit.wordpress.com/
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If we assume that our choices are deterministic, then that means we have no free will. Therefore, any argument about whether omniscience precludes free will is moot, because free will does not exist at all, regardless of whether omniscience exists.
Ok. Now we're getting somewhere. Pardon me for drawing this out, but I really didn't want to have to explain all this. Since you know what you're talking about, I think we have a good place to start.
I should warn you that I don't believe in what most people think they mean when they say "free will." I am not necessarily a strict determinist. That is, I don't know that I believe given exactly the same external stimuli, a person in the exact same place in time would make precisely the same decision a million out of a million times if we ran time back and watched. I don't think anyone can say for certain whether reality is like that.
Having said that, I don't think the distinction matters. Perhaps on a quantum level, the universe is at least partially truly random. If that is the case, perhaps the universe is not 100% deterministic. Nevertheless, I think we can say that practically speaking, we cannot help but make the decision we feel is the best decision to make. Our current state at any instant is not under our control. It is, as you say, a product of our bodies (as dictated by our genes) interacting with our environment. Neither our genes nor our environment is under our control. We reach a state of awareness of desire AFTER our brain has completed the "calculations" leading to that state. (That is scientifically proven, if you didn't know.)
So... the traditional view of free will -- the ability to arbitrarily make any decision whatsoever -- is bunk. We can only decide that which our current state of existence allows, and we will only reach the single decision which our current state of existence deems best. So, rather than speak of free will, I like to speak of autonomous decision making. That is, there is no entity other than ourselves making our decisions. Whatever I decide, it was my brain that did the deciding, and no other. There is no homonculus in my brain.
Now...
Supposing there is an entity with omniscience. That is, a being which possesses total awareness of every conceivable piece of data from the beginning of the universe until the last movement of the last subatomic particle. (Nevermind that this state of existence is philosophically impossible.) Supposing that such a being existed, we could speak of autonomous decision making in two ways:
1) With regard to the omnicscient being, there would be no autonomous decision making whatsoever. Even the being himself would be bound by his own knowledge, and could not help but do what he was destined to do at every given instant.
2) For beings not possessing omniscience, the question is a little more complicated. Did the creature possessing omniscience create reality? If so, then it's pretty hard to say there is any autonomy. If he is not the creator, is he trapped within the universe? If so, does he interact with it in any way? If he is just a motionless observer, then his knowledge has no measurable effect on the universe, and so we may freely speak of autonomous choice in any beings not possessing omniscience. That is, even though there is a motionless being who knows what choice will be made, there is no mechanism within the choosing being that can access this information, and the choosing being is not being externally influenced by the motionless being. For all practical purposes, the motionless being does not exist. It is just a data storage facility.
What I'm getting about in a round-about way is that the question of omniscience and free will is broken because the definitions of both concepts are problematic. Until we have a clear understanding of PRECISELY what both mean, and if both are even workable in a hypothetical... we're just talking in circles.
Atheism isn't a lot like religion at all. Unless by "religion" you mean "not religion". --Ciarin
http://hambydammit.wordpress.com/
Books about atheism
1. I would disagree that the being itself could only do what he is “destined” to do. If the actions are caused by his knowledge of them, and the knowledge is caused by the actions, then you have an event which causes itself. I think of it more like this: I’ll go to a restaurant, and I ask my wife what she thinks I’m going to get. She suggests something (let’s say pasta), but I don’t blindly accept it. I think about it, and go, “You know what? Pasta does sound really good right now! That’s what I’m going to get.” So I still came to the decision on my own, even though I knew what my wife predicted. I imagine omniscience to be the same way: A being knows that he will choose steak, and then he looks at the menu and goes, “Wow, steak sounds really good right now!” No coercion.
2. As for the second point, I am surprised to hear you say, “the choosing being is not being externally influenced by the motionless being.” There are others who would claim that the very act of knowing the future means that the choosing being is forced to perform those actions. I disagree, but that is a common claim.
Thank you for your response! I appreciate it.
If a being knows what he is going to "choose" in the future, then that is equivalent to 'perfect determinism', in that there is only one possible future sequence of events.
This is more 'deterministic' than scientific naturalism, which takes into account complexity theory ( 'chaos' ) and quantum mechanics, and says that the future is not knowable or predictable in precise detail. In fact, it says that certain categories of process have extreme or even virtually infinite sensitivity to initial conditions, may have very different outcomes if it were somehow possible to restart from the same initial conditions. Of course rewinding like that is intrinsically impossible due to quantum uncertainty.
'Determinism' in the classical sense is an abstract concept that doesn't apply to reality, which is more subtle and complex.
Favorite oxymorons: Gospel Truth, Rational Supernaturalist, Business Ethics, Christian Morality
"Theology is now little more than a branch of human ignorance. Indeed, it is ignorance with wings." - Sam Harris
The path to Truth lies via careful study of reality, not the dreams of our fallible minds - me
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I don’t believe that having one ACTUAL sequence of events is equivalent to having one POSSIBLE sequence of events. If I am at an intersection, there is only one way I will ACTUALLY go, but I still had the OPTION of going any way I choose.
Of course, that is a trivially true observation.
I said nothing about "one actual sequence of events" - obviously there is only one actual sequence, since the universe is not going to be re-run, and I think could not be, in that hypothetical sense.
Of course you have options, and your choice is going to 'determined' by an immensely complex set of influences, most individually of negligible significance, and many having an element of intrinsic randomness and/or unpredictability, dominated by the proximate state of your mind, mood, urges, or impulse, etc, IOW, YOU. The only alternative I can conceive of is a choice not affected by anything, even your own thoughts, or purely random.
The biggest problem with the idea of 'determinism' is that it conjures up a mechanical sequence of one event rigidly defining the next in a sequence, which is a misleading mathematical abstraction, not a very good approximation to reality.
Favorite oxymorons: Gospel Truth, Rational Supernaturalist, Business Ethics, Christian Morality
"Theology is now little more than a branch of human ignorance. Indeed, it is ignorance with wings." - Sam Harris
The path to Truth lies via careful study of reality, not the dreams of our fallible minds - me
From the sublime to the ridiculous: Science -> Philosophy -> Theology
I'm sorry to hear that. It's true by definition, so... um...
Others would have problems with reading comprehension. I specified in the definition itself that the motionless being does not interact with the universe in any way. So... it doesn't, because that's how I defined it. I discussed a being that does interact with the universe separately.
Atheism isn't a lot like religion at all. Unless by "religion" you mean "not religion". --Ciarin
http://hambydammit.wordpress.com/
Books about atheism