The 'Gospels' are 'Midrash'
There are very good reasons to question the claim that the Gospels of the New Testament are, or rely upon, actual eyewitness accounts.
First, we need consider that all of the Gospels appear to owe their existence to the first "Gospel", the book of "Mark":
All the Gospels derive their basic story of Jesus of Nazareth from a single source: whoever produced the first version of Mark. That Matthew and Luke are reworkings of Mark with extra, mostly teaching, material added is now an almost universal scholarly conclusion, while many also consider that John has drawn his framework for Jesus’ ministry and death from a Synoptic source as well. We thus have a Christian movement spanning half the empire and a full century which nevertheless has managed to produce only one version of the events that are supposed to lie at its inception. Acts, as an historical witness to Jesus and the beginnings of the Christian movement, cannot be relied upon, since it is a tendentious creation of the second century, dependent on the Gospels and designed to create a picture of Christian origins traceable to a unified body of apostles in Jerusalem who were followers of an historical Jesus. Many scholars now admit that much of Acts is sheer fabrication.
- Earl Doherty, The Jesus Puzzle.
So, we do not have four 'accounts', we have one, followed by two revisions (Matthew and Luke) and then a much later entry that cannot possibly draw from historical data (John).
Next, we must recognize that the book of "Mark" as well as all the other "Gospel" accounts, are anonymous:
http://www.rationalresponders.com/the_gospels_are_anonymous_works_and_none_are_eyewitness_accounts
As Thomas Paine first noted in "The Age of Reason", the value of testimony is based on the credibility of the witness. An anonymous witness, therefore, is of questionable value at best.
Then we must consider a serious provenance dilemma: there is no evidence of the existence of any contemporary historical sources for the later gospel writers to actually draw upon:
http://www.rationalresponders.com/a_silence_that_screams_no_contemporary_historical_accounts_for_jesus
Finally, historical and literary analysis provides a good grounds for holding that the book of "Mark" is a form of 'Midrash', i.e. a set of stories that follow the rely on the Jewish practice of drawing on scriptural themes and passages to create new stories and homilies.
Not only do the Gospels contain basic and irreconcilable differences in their accounts of Jesus, they have been put together according to a traditional Jewish practice known as "midrash", which involved reworking and enlarging on scripture. This could entail the retelling of older biblical stories in new settings. Thus, Mark’s Jesus of Nazareth was portrayed as a new Moses, with features that paralleled the stories of Moses. Many details were fashioned out of specific passages in scripture. The Passion story itself is a pastiche of verses from the Psalms, Isaiah and other prophets, and as a whole it retells a common tale found throughout ancient Jewish writings, that of the Suffering and Vindication of the Innocent Righteous One. It is quite possible that Mark, at least, did not intend his Gospel to represent an historical figure or historical events, and designed it to provide liturgical readings for Christian services on the Jewish model. Liberal scholars now regard the Gospels as "faith documents" and not accurate historical accounts.
- Earl Doherty, The Jesus Puzzle
Michael A. Turton's Historical Commentary on the Gospel of Mark, does a wonderful job of demonstrating that "Mark" is 'Midrash' and therefore not history.
His site was formerly located here:
http://users2.ev1.net/%7Eturton/GMark/GMark_index.html
I believe it was taken down so that he could present the work as a published book. The site can still be found here:
http://web.archive.org/web/20060427175532/users2.ev1.net/~turton/GMark/GMark_index.html)
Michael Turton writes:
If Mark is history, where are the reliable methods for uncovering it? If Mark knew real traditions, why would be bother to parallel some other story every time Jesus does something major? It's not like this is a sometime thing. Almost every story in Mark draws on the OT, and Mark often tells you where he got it from one way or another (and if he doesn't, that fussbudget Matthew certainly will). The few stories that are not OT in origin have a narrative function, and of course, are so totally bound up with the supernatural that they are certainly fiction -- sometimes both (as in the Gerasene Demoniac, for example, though that has OT echoes too).
http://www.iidb.org/vbb/showthread.php?s=d239f8ccf586656ab7cdeadddb5bb815&t=132440&page=2
Note: Turton's work also serves a secondary role: it serves to invalidate any argument that Gospel 'prophecies' are supportive of the Gospel's divine origin. It shows that such a claim is based on backwards logic: The Mark author isn't capturing a series of events that 'fulfills a prophecy, he's writing a story built upon Old Testament passages! Seeing as this provides us with a more parsimonious explanation for the purported prophecies of the Old Testament, the claim for Midrash follows the basic rules of valid historiography, whereas 'prophecy claims' violate them.
*************************************************
Because the later Gospels all clearly rely on Mark to some degree (Matthew and Luke are even considered "synoptic', 'similar eyed'/same view,) demonstrating that 'Mark' is a work of fiction unseats the validity of all the supposed "Gospel' accounts. Yet we need not rely on this 'cascade' problem alone. An examination of the other "Gospels' reveals that each "Gospel' claim falls short of "Gospel Truth".
Robert Price's deconstruction of the gospels helps to invalidate the concept of a 'historical jesus'.
THE INCREDIBLE SHRINKING SON OF MAN
How Reliable Is the Gospel Tradition?
by Robert M. Price, Prometheus Books, 2003
http://pages.ca.inter.net/~oblio/BkrvSonofMan.htm
Price is one of the sources that Turton draws upon. This review of his work demonstrates just how poor the case is for a 'historical jesus'.
From the site:
" It is clear from this that a concern for historical accuracy played no part in the creation of the Gospels. The principle of eyewitness, perhaps even of representing history at all, was simply not operating. This is a chain of original storytelling, not a reproduction or editing of earlier tradition. Literary criticism reveals Mark as writing most of his Gospel out of his own imagination (drawing mostly on scriptural elements), while his redactors are recasting his efforts for their own purposes, with no concerns about compromising or falsifying historical truth or accuracy. That there was vast fabrication by all involved throughout the Christian documentary record has long been undeniable, and there is no reason to make any distinction in reliability between canonical and non-canonical writings."
Richard Carrier is another source that Michael Turton relies upon. Carrier's work goes far to weaken the claim for an historical jesus:
http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/richard_carrier/lukeandjosephus.html
This work helps demonstrate how much Luke relied on Josephus.
From the page:
Luke and Josephus (2000)
Richard Carrier
There has long been the observation that Luke-Acts contains numerous parallels with the works of Josephus, generating three different theories to account for this: that Josephus used Luke, that Luke used Josephus, or that they both used some common but now lost source. Steve Mason has reviewed the arguments [1] and in summarizing the evidence concludes that, besides generic parallels of genre and form and the use of identical historical events, which are inconclusive as proofs, the "coincidence ... of aim, themes, and vocabulary ... seems to suggest that Luke-Acts is building its case on the foundation of Josephus' defense of Judaism," and therefore that Luke is consciously and significantly drawing on Josephus to supplement his use of Mark and Q and to create the appearance of a real history, a notable deviation from all the other Gospels which have none of the features of a historical work.
Carrier's work can be found here:
http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/richard_carrier/
Finally, one ought to consider looking at the works of Josephus himself:
http://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/JOSEPHUS.HTM
Josephus writes a history of the Jewish people.. one would expect that if he really had information about jesus, that jesus would dominate his telling of their history. Yet while we do hear glowing reports of John the Baptist, nothing in the works of Josephus speak of any Jesus, the Christ.
More on Michael Turton
(Vorkosigan)
Turton writes:
First, we'll see how much of Mark is based on the OT. The "OT Frame" represents a significant event parallel between the OT and Mark, "(OT parallels)" represents a signficant number of verses with parallels in the OT.
Pericope...OT Frame (verse origin)
1:1-8..........NONE KNOWN (OT parallels)
1:9-11........(OT Parallels)
1:12-13......1 Kings 19, The Fall
1:14-20......1 Kings 19:19-21 (Galilee Isa (9:1)
1:21-28......(many OT/Jewish lit echoes)
1:29-39......NONE KNOWN
1:40-45......2 Kings 5, Nm 5:1-2
2:1-12........2 Kings 1:2-17
2:13-17......1 Kings 19:19-21
2:18-22......CHREIA SAYING
2:23-28......(v25=2 Sam 15-16)
3:1-6..........1 Kings 13:4-6
3:7-12........Invention
3:13-19......Exodus 18:2-26
3:20-30......(Zech 3:13), Exodus 18:2-26
3:31-35......CHREIA SAYING, Exodus 18:2-26
4:1-20........(many to OT/Hellenistic culture)
4:21-25......SAYING (OT/Jewish parallels)
4:26-29......SAYING (OT parallels)
4:30-34......SAYING (OT parallels)
4:35-41......Jonah through Psalm 107
5:1-20........(Isa 65:1-7)
5:21-43.....2 Kings 4:8-37
6:1-6..........CHREIA SAYING
6:7-13........MISSION CHARGE (CYNIC)
6:14-29......Esther
6:30-44......2 Kings 4:38-44
6:45-56......(Psalm 77, Isa 43, Job 9)
7:1-23........(many OT, anachronism)
7:24-30......Elijah-Elisha echoes, CHREIA SAYING
7:31-37......Isa 35:5-6
8:1-13........2 Kings 4:38-44
8:14-21......Non-Markan
8:22-26......Interpolation based on 7:31-7
8:27-33......Invention (Peter's Confession)
8:34-38......Hellenistic Philosophical Concepts
9:1-13........2 Kings 1, other OT
9:14-29......NONE KNOWN
9:30-37......Invention (2nd passion prediction
9:38-41......Num 11:26-29
9:42-50......(Isa, Num, Lev)
10:1-12......OT, CHREIA (Paul on Divorce)
10:13-16....CHREIA
10:17-31[color=white]....[/colorCHREIA
10:32-34....Invention (3rd passion prediction)
10:35-45....Invention/anachronism (OT parallels)
10:46-52....Plato? NONE KNOWN
11:1-11......2 Kings 9:13, 1 Samuel 9 & 10 (OT parallels)
11:12-14....(Jeremiah 8, 29, Joel 1, Hosea 9)
11:15-19....2 Kings (OT parallels)
11:20-25....Invention -- 2nd fig tree
11:27-33....Baptism authority? SAYING
12:1-12......PARABLE, 2 Kings 9:22-10:27 (OT parallels)
12:13-17....CHREIA (Paul?)
12:18-27....CHREIA (OT/Jewish parallels, Paul?)
12:28-34....(OT/Jewish parallels, Paul?)
12:35-44....2 Kings 12:5-17
13:1-31......2 Kings 10:26-28, anachronisms, (OT parallels)
13:32-37....PARABLE
14:1-11......2 Kings 9:1-13 (OT parallels)
14:12-25....1 Samuel 10:1-7 (Paul?)
14:26-31....(OT parallels)
14:32-42....1 Kings 19:1-5 (Psalm 78:39-41)
14:43-52....2 Samuel 15-16
14:53-65....Invention (OT parallels)
14:66-72....NONE KNOWN (Peter's denial= invention)
15:1-15......Daniel 6 (Josephus War?)
15:16-20....(OT parallels, Roman procession)
15:21-32....Daniel 6 (OT parallels)
15:33-41....Daniel 6 (OT parallels)
15:42-47....Daniel 6 (OT parallels)
16:1-8........Daniel 6, 2 Kgs 13: 20-1 (OT parallels)
Let's now group them:
DIRECT OT PARALLELING:
1:12-13......1 Kings 19, The Fall
1:14-20......1 Kings 19:19-21 (Galilee Isa (9:1)
1:40-45......2 Kings 5, Nm 5:1-2
2:1-12........2 Kings 1:2-17
2:13-17......1 Kings 19:19-21
3:1-6..........1 Kings 13:4-6
3:13-19......Exodus 18:2-26
3:20-30......(Zech 3:13), Exodus 18:2-26
3:31-35......CHREIA SAYING, Exodus 18:2-26
4:35-41......Jonah through Psalm 107
5:21-43.....2 Kings 4:8-37, Num 5:1-2
6:14-29......Esther
6:30-44......2 Kings 4:38-44
6:45-56......(Psalm 77, Isa 43, Job 9)
7:31-37......Isa 35:5-6
8:1-13........2 Kings 4:38-44
9:1-13........2 Kings 1, other OT
9:38-41......Num 11:26-29
11:1-11......2 Kings 9:13, 1 Samuel 9 & 10 (OT parallels)
11:12-14....(OT: Jeremiah 8, 29, Joel 1, Hosea 9)
11:15-19....2 Kings (OT parallels)
12:1-12......PARABLE, 2 Kings 9:22-10:27 (OT parallels)
12:35-44....2 Kings 12:5-17
13:1-31......2 Kings 10:26-28, anachronisms, (OT parallels)
14:1-11......2 Kings 9:1-13 (OT parallels)
14:12-25....1 Samuel 10:1-7 (Paul?)
14:32-42....1 Kings 19:1-5 (Psalm 78:39-41)
14:43-52....2 Samuel 15-16
15:1-15......Daniel 6 (Josephus War?)
15:21-32....Daniel 6 (OT parallels)
15:33-41....Daniel 6 (OT parallels)
15:42-47....Daniel 6 (OT parallels)
16:1-8........Daniel 6, 2 Kgs 13: 20-1 (OT parallels)
------------------
DIRECT PARALLELS 33/71
OT VERSE CONSTRUCTION (built out of individual Verses)
1:9-11........(OT Parallels)
1:21-28......(many OT echoes) also 1 Enoch, Tobit
9:42-50......(Isa, Num, Lev)
12:28-34....(OT/Jewish parallels, Paul?)
14:26-31....(OT parallels)
15:16-20....(OT parallels, Roman procession)
14:53-65....Invention (OT parallels)
6:7-13........MISSION CHARGE (CYNIC) (OT parallels)
4:1-20........PARABLE (many to OT/Hellenistic culture)
4:21-25......SAYING (OT/Jewish parallels)
4:26-29......SAYING (OT parallels)
4:30-34......SAYING (OT parallels)
------------------
plus 12 = 45/71 or 63.3%
CHREIA
2:18-22......CHREIA SAYING
2:23-28......CHREIA (OT parallels)
6:1-6..........CHREIA SAYING
7:24-30......Elijah-Elisha echoes, CHREIA SAYING
10:1-12......OT, CHREIA (Paul on Divorce)
10:13-16....CHREIA
10:17-31....CHREIA
12:13-17....CHREIA (Paul?)
12:18-27....CHREIA (OT/Jewish parallels, Paul?)
-------------------
9/71
OUTRIGHT INVENTION
3:7-12........Invention
7:1-23........(many OT, anachronism)
8:27-33......Invention (Peter's Confession)
9:30-37......Invention (2nd passion prediction
10:32-34....Invention (3rd passion prediction)
10:35-45....Invention/anachronism (OT parallels)
11:20-25....Invention -- 2nd fig tree
13:32-37....PARABLE
14:66-72....NONE KNOWN (Peter's denial= invention)
----------------
8/71
UNKNOWN or SOURCE NOT OT
9:14-29......NONE KNOWN
10:46-52....Plato? NONE KNOWN
5:1-20........Josephus? (OT Parallels=Isa 65:1-7)
8:34-38......Hellenistic Philosophical Concepts
8:22-26......Interpolation based on 7:31-7
8:14-21......NONE KNOWN Non-Markan
11:27-33....Baptism authority? SAYING
1:1-8..........NONE KNOWN (OT parallels)
1:29-39......NONE KNOWN
-------------------
9/71 = 13.8%
Well, about 65% of Markan pericopes are built off of the OT one way or another, sometimes by direct paralleling of events, sometimes by verse inspiration. The rest is either Chreia from the culture or hand of Mark, or obvious invention. Some things are difficult to classify, of course....
Mark is fiction. If there was really a community spurring Mark to write this, where are the traditions? There is nothing in Mark that does not go back to the OT, Paul, or something Hellenistic. Exegetes are found of arguing that Matthew cannot be a disciple, else why would have copied Mark? That is just as true of Mark: if he knew stories about the HJ, why did he bother to parallel the OT?
Vorkosigan
I wish to return again to a point made earlier by Michael Turton: Those who argue that a 'real jesus' can be pulled from amongst the clear mythical/Midrash writings have a problem: historians lack any reliable and widely accepted methodology for determining what is historical and what is not. As J. D. Crossan, a well respected scholar of early Christianity, comments, "I do not think, after two hundred years of experimentation, that there is any way acceptable in public discourse or scholarly debate, by which you can go directly into the great mound of the Jesus tradition and separate out the historical Jesus layer from all later strata"
The original chatboard post site:
http://www.iidb.org/vbb/showthread.php?t=122535
On chiasms or pericopes
http://www.textexcavation.com/turtonchiasms.html Note: While we can only speculate on the existence of another source, Q (although the reasoning is good), assuming that it does record anything about the Jesus of the gospels may not be a sound assumption: the 'Q" document may not even make references to a Jesus at all, it may well be a work of sayings of various cynics that were similar in nature to the statements a Jesus might make.
"Hitler burned people like Anne Frank, for that we call him evil.
"God" burns Anne Frank eternally. For that, theists call him 'good.'
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Broken links
A couple of the links in this article are broken.
Thanks Case. Unfortunately,
Thanks Case. Unfortunately, Michael Turton took down part of his site, but I will see if there is something else I can link to. I see a few other links are down too.
Thanks again.
- Chris
Midrash
I have been studing Jewish Midrash all my short life. Doherty, Price, and Turton are completely clueless in understanding 1 century Jewish Midrash. I know some of the quotes were short, and a lot of the links broke, but what I did find reflects a very superfical understanding of Midrash.
I suggest visit a Jewish site, something like Judaism 101, and do a bit of reading, then buy a few Jewish books on the subject, like Neusner's books for starters. Then take a look at Mark.
I am going to send some of my students to this site to illustrate what Midrash is not.
This is why "history"
This is why "history" ammounts to quibbling when the real issue is that people claim to have an invisable super hero in the sky who can preform magic tricks.
There is no doubt that Christians came from Jews. But what people dont seem to understand that there is no magic in this marketing. Today, people will get on a rollar coster because it is sold as a "thrill" when the ride is actually perfectly safe. That is because the person is sold an idea and buys into it. Packaging is what lead to the Jews creating their own new religion and the people who marketed were successfull. In turn Christians created a movement and it's followers were successfull in marketing it.
BUT, to claim that a magical daddy in the sky named Yahwey, or dad of Jesus or Allah, created the universe in 6 days is patently absurd. And if people are willing to incorperate this myth and market it in their holy books, it stands to reason that they will incorperate and copy prior motifs that were appealing from prior cultures in order to sell their new product.
Claiming that the Hebrews were magically different than prior cultures, or magically different than current cultures, when we know people are capable of slick marketing is absurd. Scientology is sold as fact and the Mormon book is sold as fact when BOTH are merely sold via effective marketing, but factless in both cases.
"Look at the origninal language" doesn't make disimbodied beings by any label of any claim in human history real. What makes sense is that humans have vivid imaginations and are capable of political, religious and business marketing to sell their claims.
It is no suprise that we have a species willing to pay good money for "Pet Rock" when we have had a species that has bought the claim that the sun was a thinking entity or that the earth was flat.
"We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus -- and nonbelievers."Obama
Check out my poetry here on Rational Responders Like my poetry thread on Facebook under Brian James Rational Poet, @Brianrrs37 on Twitter and my blog at www.brianjamesrationalpoet.blog
Quote:I have been studing
Could you be any less helpful?
If you're an expert on midrash, why don't you explain why this article is using the word incorrectly? You can clearly see that this is a summary of a position, not a dissertation. It's for people who aren't experts in Jewish history. Why don't you write up a few paragraphs explaining the correct usage of the word midrash? It would be quite helpful to those of us from other disciplines who are unlikely to take a graduate course in this subject.
As I've mentioned, this site is a resource in itself. Why don't you summarize the problems you see in this essay. I've read Mark, and it looks made up to me. For that matter, so do the rest of the gospels. As I understand this essay, the main point is that the style and content of the writing lead us to believe that the gospels were not first hand accounts of real events, but rather adaptations of other stories with a small amount of potentially new material, perhaps because it was culturally relevant at the time.
Perhaps one of them will be more forthcoming with what you are teaching them Midrash is.
Atheism isn't a lot like religion at all. Unless by "religion" you mean "not religion". --Ciarin
http://hambydammit.wordpress.com/
Books about atheism
Hambydammit wrote:Quote:I
Doubtful - but a nice hope.
"I do this real moron thing, and it's called thinking. And apparently I'm not a very good American because I like to form my own opinions."
— George Carlin
Hebrewtattoo wrote:I have
It is interesting to note that your response to my essay contains 100% assertions, 0% argument.
In other words, I could send my students to your post to illustrate what argument is not.
PS Go find an adult and ask them what 'quotes' around a word means.
"Hitler burned people like Anne Frank, for that we call him evil.
"God" burns Anne Frank eternally. For that, theists call him 'good.'
Hambydammit wrote:Quote:I am
I'm guessing our friend was a high school sophmore.... the only students he has are the ones who take his lunch money.
If his point was that Mark is not a midrash in a literal sense - he's not all that bright. The point of the essay is to demonstrate that mark is not a history or even an original document.
"Hitler burned people like Anne Frank, for that we call him evil.
"God" burns Anne Frank eternally. For that, theists call him 'good.'
Good essay. Bad criticism.
Good essay. Bad criticism.
Interesting article, but
Interesting article, but how do you explain the major difference between who the jews thought the messiah would be (someone who would conquer the the jewish enemies), and who Mark says Jesus was (This messiah died on the cross by the hands of the enemies). I would recommend reading "Lord or Legend" by Dr. Greg Boyd and Dr. Paul Eddy. They mention this in their book "If the gospel authors were going to fabricate a midrashic Jesus, one would have thought he would have better conformed to first-century Jewish expectations of what the Messiah was supposed to be. Far from meeting the social and religious expectations of most first-century Jews about the Messiah, however, the Gospels' portraits of Jesus are offensive to these social and religious expectations.......The surprising, countercultural features of the Gospels' portraits of Jesus can only be adequately explained if we accept that Jesus was, as a matter of historical fact, a surprisingly countercultural Messiah figure."
Well, Alex, this is only
Well, Alex, this is only natural when you have Greek writers composing 40 years after the alleged incident and only doing the research they needed to so they could sell the magic.
Mark wasn't writing to Jews, after all.
"I do this real moron thing, and it's called thinking. And apparently I'm not a very good American because I like to form my own opinions."
— George Carlin
So, are you saying that the
So, are you saying that the author of Mark was not Jewish? That he was greek? My understanding and research tells me he was jewish and a disciple of Peter. Jewish people (especially in Palestine area) were known for being strongly against pagan Gods. They also were strongly against human Gods. So why would a jewish writer (if he was going to use midrash to make up a story) use a human God at the center of it. That just does not make any sense, it would go against his own beliefs and would not be accepted in the Jewish community at all. Mark's audience (Jewish Christians) would not have found this human God appealing unless there was a lot of evidence supporting it. Also, Nero persecuted the Christians in AD 64, to try and stop the Christian movement. Why didn't Nero instead, tell the Christians that Jesus never lived and Pilot had never executed him. There would have still been eyewitness living to refute the claims made about Jesus. Most Scholars put Mark's Gospel shortly after the Christian persecution in AD 64, so what motive would Mark have to write a Gospel about Jesus. He would for sure have been persecuted or killed for writing it, so why be killed for a made up story, does not make sense.
Re: The 'Gospels' are 'Midrash'
What are your views on the Old Testament? Do you consider them midrash as well?
AXIL wrote:What are your
by definition, the old testament cannot be midrash, since a midrash is a homily on an old testament passage.
"I have never felt comfortable around people who talk about their feelings for Jesus, or any other deity for that matter, because they are usually none too bright. . . . Or maybe 'stupid' is a better way of saying it; but I have never seen much point in getting heavy with either stupid people or Jesus freaks, just as long as they don't bother me. In a world as weird and cruel as this one we have made for ourselves, I figure anybody who can find peace and personal happiness without ripping off somebody else deserves to be left alone. They will not inherit the earth, but then neither will I. . . . And I have learned to live, as it were, with the idea that I will never find peace and happiness, either. But as long as I know there's a pretty good chance I can get my hands on either one of them every once in a while, I do the best I can between high spots."
--Hunter S. Thompson
Alex H wrote:So, are you
Wikipedia (to keep it simple - more later)
"According to tradition and some early church writers, the author is Mark the Evangelist, the companion of the apostle Peter.[4] The gospel, however, appears to rely on several underlying sources, varying in form and in theology, and which tells against the tradition that the gospel was based on Peter's preaching.[5] Various elements within the gospel, including the importance of the authority of Peter and the breadth of its basic theology, suggest that the author wrote in Syria or Palestine for a non-Jewish Christian community which had earlier absorbed the influence of pre-Pauline beliefs and then developed them further independent of Paul.[6]"
"Mark wrote primarily for an audience of gentile Greek-speaking residents of the Roman Empire: Jewish traditions are explained, clearly for the benefit of non-Jews (e.g., Mark 7:1–4; 14:12;15:42), and Aramaic words and phrases are expanded upon by the author, e.g., ταλιθα κουμ (talitha koum, Mark 5:41); κορβαν (Corban, Mark 7:11); αββα (abba, Mark 14:36). When Mark makes use of the Old Testament he does so in the form in which it had been translated into Greek, the Septuagint, for instance Mark 1:2; 2:23–28; 10:48b; 12:18–27; also compare 2:10 with Daniel 7:13–14."
"I do this real moron thing, and it's called thinking. And apparently I'm not a very good American because I like to form my own opinions."
— George Carlin